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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2023 with funding from 
University of Illinois Uroana-Champaign Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/guidetosystemati0Obald_0 


A GUIDE 


TO 


SYSTEMATIC READINGS 


IN THE 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA 


BY 
JAMES BALDWIN, PH.D. 


Author of ‘‘The Book Lover,’ ‘‘The Famous Allegories,” 
‘* The Book of Elegies,” ete, 


THE WERNER COMPANY 
CHICAGO NEW YORK 
1895 


COPYRIGHT, 1895, BY 
THE WERNER COMPANY. 


GUIDE TO BRITANNICA, 


LIBRARY 
SCHOOL 


PREEA CE, 


ALTHOUGH the Eucyclopedia Britannica has long been 
recognized as the greatest of reference works, and al- 
though its possessors may never have consulted it without 

( complete satisfaction, yet its full value has seldom been 
recognized. It has usually been regarded simply as a re- 
pository of general information, to be kept ready at hand 
for consultation as occasion should demand. But while 
\ this is the ordinary use of the Arztannica, it has been 
{found that it possesses a broader function, and that it may 
an be utilized in such manner as to perform the office of a 
great educational agent. The 4rttannica is a work of 
reference, and much more: it is a collection of all histo- 
ries, all biographies, all arts, all literatures, and all scien- 
~ tific, professional, and mechanical knowledge; but on 
account of its comprehensiveness, extending as it does 
through so many large volumes, it presents such an “ em- 
barrassment of riches”’ that those who consult it fail some- 
times to discover a// that is suited to their individual 
needs. It is evident, therefore, that if each reader and 
es patron of this great library can have a guide to point out 
to him, according to his vocation, the parts that are the 
most helpful to him, he will be able to systematize his 


_ reading or his investigations; and thus, while economizing 
L- 3 


Li 684392 


4 PREFACE. 


both time and labor, reach the highest results. The present 
volume has been prepared for that purpose; and it is be- 
lieved that, recognizing its helpfulness, the many thousand 
owners of the Britannica will welcome it as an invaluable 
addition to their libraries. The plan has been to direct 
each individual how to draw from this great storehouse of 
knowledge that which will cover with all desirable com- 
pleteness the line of work in which he is most interested, 
thus assisting him in the knowledge of his particular busi- 
ness, and aiding him in its prosecution. 

It being recognized that the 4rztannica contains a great 
deal of interesting and profitable matter for boys and girls, 
the first part of this GUIDE is directed to young people. 
By the aid of brief but graphic text and copious refer- 
ences, the youth is led along pleasant avenues of research, 
and thus aided in acquiring a habit of reading and of in- 
vestigation that will continue through life, and add largely 
to his chances of success. 

The second part is especially designed for students. 
The scholar who is desirous of some means whereby to 
supplement the work of the school or the college, will find 
here the very thing that he is seeking. The earnest, am- 
bitious young man or young woman who is being self-edu- 
cated, because unable to secure the aid of instructors, will 
find here a teacher that will point the way to the acquire- 
ment of a thorough knowledge of almost every branch of 
science or art. Numerous courses of study are outlined, 
which may be pursued independent of schools; many 
profitable lines of research are suggested, and the best 


PREFACE. 5 


ways of obtaining a fund of general information are 
pointed out. 

The fact that fifty-two text-books used in our leading 
colleges and universities have been drawn from the 47ztan- 
nica emphasizes its value to students. 

Through our excellent system of common schools, every 
boy or girl in the land is furnished with the rudiments of 
an education. But in the school, the child is only started 
on the way; the best that can be done is to provide him 
with a few essentials, and give him some slight impetus 
that will keep him moving on in the right direction. If 
he continues his studies beyond the public schools, he may 
be conducted a little farther—but it is only a little. No 
one’s education was ever finished in a university. We are 
all, to a greater or less degree, self-educated. A great 
deal of what the schools have foisted on us as knowledge 
has proven to be worthless to us, and is allowed to drop 
from our minds as soon as we are left to ourselves. The 
better part of our education is that which we acquire 
independently —through reading, through observation, 
through intercourse with others—an ever increasing stock 
of what is called general information. It is the aim of 
this GUIDE to help, not only students, but everybody else, 
to gather this information in an orderly way, without un- 
necessary expenditure of time and labor. 

The third part of this volume is devoted to the busy 
world at large. Its object is to help the busy man, no 
matter what his business may be, to pick out from the 
Encyclopedia Britannica just that kind of information that 


6 PREFACE. 


will be of the greatest value to him in his calling. There 
is hardly a trade, industry, or profession in the civilized 
world that:is not noticed somewhere in this department. 
A mere glance at the various chapters will indicate their 
practical value. 

On the whole, it is confidently believed that the plan of 
using the Eucyclopedia Britannica, as presented in this 
GUIDE, will fill a gap and perform an important service in 
our system of education. It should bea very material aid, 
not only to those whose school-days have been of limited 
duration, and who wish to continue their studies without 
the guidance of a teacher, but to people of every class 
and condition in life—to students, merchants, farmers, 
mechanics, housekeepers, and professional men of all sorts. 
It should enable boys, girls, men, women, and whole fam- 
ilies to spend their leisure hours pleasantly and profitably 
with the great Luxcyclopedia, thus realizing one of its 
most important aims by making it the most powerful aid 
to home culture or self-education that the world has ever 


known. 


CO NIIENGDS: 


PAGE 


INTRODUCTION, é II 
PART I. THE YOUNG PEOPLE. 

CHAPTER 
I, To the Boys and Girls, . : F 2 aw OX 
II. Home Readings in History, . : : ee 
III. Home Readings in Biography, . : : $0535 
IV. Home Readings in Science, : : e edt 
V. Games, Sports, and Pastimes, . : és ame AS 

PART II, THE STUDENT. 

VI. Three Courses of Reading in History, . : San G TE 


VII. Five Courses of Reading in the History of Literature, 64 
VIII. Readings in Philology and the History of Language, 78 


IX. Readings in Astronomy, é : : su OF 
X. Readings in Zodlogy, . : : ; 259 
XI. Readingsin Botany, . ; ; ; nELOD 
XII. Readings in Geography, : : : . IOI 
XIII. Readings in Mathematics, : : 3 . 106 
ALV. Readings in the Study of Man, : : ann 
XV. Readings in Philosophy, : : ‘ Ly, 
XVI. Readings for Bible Students, . : > pond ies 


7 


CHAPTER 


XVII. 


XVIII. 
XIX, 


», DS. 
DOA 
XXII. 
4, WU 
XXIV. 
AXV, 
XXVI. 
XXVIII. 
AXVII. 
XXIX., 
2,O,O@ 
XXXI,. 
XXXII. 
OOS 
XXXIV. 
XXXV, 
XXXVI. 
XXXVILI. 
XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 
AL, 
XLI, 


CONTENTS. 


Readings in Mythology, Legends, Traditions, and 
Folk-Lore, 
Readings in the Study of the Supernatural, 


The Desultory Reader’s Course, 


PART II) LAE SBUSYSWORIED: 


The Manufacturer, . 
The Merchant, 

The Banker, 

The Architect, 

The Builder, P , m 
whe wlectriciany 

The Mechanic, 

The Machinist, 

The Engineer, 

The Farmer, 

The Gardener, 

The Fruit Grower, . 
The Stock Raiser, 

The Lawyer, 

The Physician, ‘ “ “ 
The Theologian, 

The Public Speaker, 
The Statesman, 

The Political Economist, 
The Inventor, 

The Teacher, 

The Writer, . 


PAGE 


+180 
~~ 137 
. 141 


CHAPTER 


XLII. 
XLII. 
ALIV. 

XLV. 
XLVI. 

XLVII. 
ALVIIL. 
ROLEX, 


CONTENTS. 


The Printer and the Publisher, 
The Journalist, 

The Musician, 

The Artist, 

The Soldier, 

The Seaman, 

The Railroad Man, 

The Woodsman, 

The Miner, 

The Mineralogist, 

The Geologist, ; 
The Chemist and Apothecary, 
The Home Maker, 


INTRODUCTION. 


“IT is ours—this Excyclopedia Britannica—and now 
how shall we use it in order to derive the greatest possible 
benefit from it?”’ This is probably the question which 
more than one purchaser of the A7ztannica asks himself 
as he removes the bright new volumes from their wrap- 
pings, and contemplates his lately acquired possession. 
Let us first arrange the twenty-odd books side by side on 
their shelf, and take a look at the work as a whole. 

It is the greatest work of its kind in the world, every- 
body says. In these volumes are the elements 
Oe coMmpictescducation in ally branch sol: 
knowledge that you may choose. You cannot 
mention a single subject about which men 
think and talk, that does not receive its share of attention 
somewhere in this wonderful work. It contains a rich 
fund of information for everybody, from the school-boy 
or school-girl to the most learned philosopher. It is val- 
uable alike to the farmer and the merchant, to the me- 
chanic and the professional man. Turn over the pages 
of a single volume, and notice the great variety of articles, 
some necessarily brief, others very long and comprehen- 
sive. Notice the numerous illustrations, the maps, and 
the fine full-page plates. See the list of famous specialists 
and well-known writers who have helped to make this 
volume. Surely, this is a work which every man ought to 
be proud to own. 


But unless we know how to use our Eucyclopedia, we 
EL 


What shall 
we do 
with it? 


I2 INTRODUCTION. 


shall fail to get from it as much benefit as we might. No 
book is of value unless its owner knows how to extract 
some pleasure or profit from its pages. It will not be hard 
to get both pleasure and profit from the Brztannica, even 
though we should allow it to remain on its shelf and con- 
sult it only when we want to find the answer to some 
question that is asked. Most people use an encyclopedia 
in that way; and many do not know that it was designed 
for any other purpose. That is the proper and only way 
in which to use a dictionary. But the Lucyclopedia Bri- 
tannica is a great deal more than a dictionary, and it is 
capable of imparting more knowledge and more enjoy- 
ment than all the dictionaries in the world. 

In order that we may make the most of the rich store- 
house of knowledge that is ours, let us consult our GUIDE 
TO THE ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. Here a large 
number of the most interesting subjects are arranged 
systematically under appropriate headings or in special 

chapters. The first five chapters refer to sub- 

Young jects that are of interest to young people. 

People’s 
Department, Phere are thousands of older people, too, who 

will like these chapters. 

The next fourteen chapters are designed to aid stu- 
dents and specialists in the prosecution of their studies 
and investigations. The vast range of the Srztannica is 
nowhere better illustrated than in these chapters. Among 
the easier courses in reading here marked out, are those 
in History (Chapter VI.), in Geography (Chapter XI1.), 

in Bible History (Chapter XVI.), and in Myth- 
Students’ ology (Chapter XVII.). In Chapter X. there 
Department. are three courses in Zodlogy—the first two 
being popular courses, which everybody may 
understand and enjoy; the third, a purely scientific 
course, intended for only special students. Some other 


INTRODUCTION. 13 


chapters, notably that on Mathematics (Chapter XIII.), 
refer to subjects and articles in which only scholars and 
specialists usually take an interest. Although they may 
seem of but little use to us now, there will probably be a 
time when some of us shall grow up to them, and find 
them to be exactly what is required to meet our wants. 
Besides this, there are some of our neighbors and friends 
who are now especially interested in those subjects and 

would not want such articles omitted. 
After the Students’ department there are thirty or more 
chapters showing tradesmen, farmers, teachers, 


ata and others how to derive the greatest good 
Deesere from the Britannica. Surely, with so many 


hints and helps at our hands, we shall not be 
content to use our Encyclopedia merely as a dictionary. 
The GUIDE will suggest many ways in which we may 
begin immediately to make it yield us large returns of 
pleasure and profit. 
Would we engage in some kind of intellectual employ- 
ment during the long evenings of winter? Let us form 
ourselves into a family reading circle, and read 


shud some of the lighter courses suggested by the 
Circle. UD (sec la preter res! NyeL hiss Vea Peex Lie 


XVII.). Would we like to know where we can 
pick up something to read occasionally for pastime rather 
than study? Let us see if Chapter XIX. will not help us. 
Do we want to improve our brawn and muscle through 
systematic and pleasurable exercise? We may find some- 
thing in the chapter on games and sports that will point 
out the way. Is Tommie troubled about the composition 
that he is to write for the examination at school? Perhaps 
the chapter for the Writer will be found helpful. Is Mary 
anxious to become a teacher, and yet not ready to begina 
course of study at the normal school? The GUIDE will 


14 INTRODUCTION. 


direct her to some very complete courses of reading on 
subjects concerning which no teacher can afford to be 
ignorant. Is John, who cast his first ballot last year, deep- 
ly interested in politics and hopeful that he may some 
time become a candidate for public office? Let him de- 
vote his spare time to the study of such articles as the 
GUIDE indicates for the Statesman, the Public Speaker, 
and the Political Economist. Is Andrew skilful with tools, 
and handy about making things? The GUIDE has num- 
erous interesting suggestions for the Inventor, the Me- 
chanic, the Electrician, and the Engineer. 

And so, for every person and for every occupation in 
life, the Excyclopedia Britannica comes with its inex- 
haustible fund of information, and this little GUIDE which 
accompanies it shows each individual just how he can 
best extract the information which he needs. 


EXPLANATIONS. 


The references in the GUIDE are necessarily brief, but 
there will be no trouble in understanding them. 
rei The titles of important subjects are frequently 
Britannica. Printed in SMALL CAPS; but where a number of 
titles occur in a single list, all are printed in 
plain lower case letters. The volume of the Britannica 
is indicated by Roman numerals; the page by Arabic 
figures. Occasionally the letter @ is used to indicate the 
left-hand column of a page, and the letter 6 the right- 
hand column—accents being added to show whether 
the matter referred to begins at the top, the middle, 
or the bottom of the column. When the page referred 
to is found in the American Additions and Revisions 
(matter which is printed as supplementary to the Eucyclo- 
pedia Britannica), the figures denoting it are followed by 
the abbreviation sup. 


INTRODUCTION. 15 


EXAMPLES.—Notice the following references: 

(1) Bracelets, IV. 187. 

(2) Quill pens, IX. 60 a”. 

(3) Sea serpent, X XI. 608 a’. 

(4) Bells, 245 sup. 

(5) May-day customs, XV. 647 b”. 

It is not hard to understand what each one of these 
references means. An examination of them, in connec- 
tion with the explanations above, shows us 

(1) That the article on BRACELETS is found in volume 
PV pagel o7. 

(2) That QUILL PENS are described in volume IX., page 
60, beginning at the middle of the first column. 

(3) That an account of the SEA SERPENT occurs in 
volume XXI., page 608, beginning at the top of the first 
column. 

(4) That there is an article on BELLS in the American 
Additions and Revisions, page 245. 

(5) That an account of MAy-DAY CUSTOMS may be 
found in volume XV., page 647, beginning at the bottom 
of the second column. 

Few persons will have any difficulty in using the Index 
volume of the Arvztannica. In most cases, if you desire to 
make a complete study of any given subject, it will be best 
to look for that subject at once in the Index volume. The 
word which you are looking for will probably be found in 
its proper alphabetical place. There you will be directed 
to every article or passage in the Arzzannica wherein any 
important mention of the subject occurs. The first refer- 

ence is usually to the special article upon the sub- 
The Index ject, or if there is no special article, it will direct 
Volume. you to the next best thing—the fullest or most 
complete description. For example, suppose 
you want to learn all about the Indians. Turn to the 


16 INTRODUCTION. 


Index volume, and on page 223 you will find the following 
entry: 
INDIANS, American, XII. 822, 830; I 

685; displacement of, XxulI. 819; 
languages of, XvilI. 780; dictionaries 
of languages, VII. I92; mythology, 
Xvul. 148; religions, Xx. 364; totems, 
XXIII. 467; Eliot’s work among, vu. 
137; Penn’s influence over, XVIII. 496; 
of Costa Rica, vi. 450; of South 
America, I. 89; of Colombia, VI. 155; 
of Peru, Xvi. 677. 

Consulting the first reference (“ volume XII., page 822”’), 
you will find an article of eleven pages in length, giving a 
concise account of the Indians, their physical traits, tribal 
divisions, customs, etc. The second reference (“ I. 685’), 
directs the reader to the article AMERICA, where thereis a 
complete history of the aboriginal races, with still further 
notices of their habits, languages, religion, etc. The third 
reference (“displacement of, XXIII. 819”), directs atten- 
tion to a paragraph under the article headed UNITED 
STATES, in which an account is given of the westward 
movement of immigration and the consequent displace- 
ment of the Indian tribes. The remaining references may 
be found with equal facility and are self-explanatory. 
After having consulted as many of these as you think 
necessary, you may still wish to learn the very latest facts 
relative to the status of the Indian tribes in the United 
States. Turning to the second part of the Index volume 
(the index to the American Revisions and Additions), 
page 532, you will find the following entry: 


INDIANS, United States, affairs of, 
XII. 891. 


and just above it, the additional entry: 


INDIAN TERRITORY, later facts and 
figures on, XII. gOI. 


INTRODUCTION. 17 


By referring to the articles thus indicated, you will doubt- 
less find all the information on this subject that you 
desire. 

Any other subject may be studied in a similar way. 

Now, take the word SEA, or LONDON, or COLUMBUS, 
and find all the references to it that are given in the 
Index. 

Whenever the word for which you are looking cannot 
be found in the first part of the Index, look for it in the 
second part which begins on page 501. For example, you 
cannot find any reference to OKLAHOMA in the general 
Index; but if you will turn to page 542, you will see that 
among the American additions to the 4rztannica there is 
not only an article on Oklahoma Territory, but also one 
on the city of the same name. 


OKLAHOMA City, founding of, 1169 
sup. 

OKLAHOMA TERRITORY, opening 
and establishment of, 1165 sup. 


It frequently happens that, as in the first example given 
above, a subject which has been treated of in the Brztan- | 
nica is noticed again in the American Revisions and Ad- 
ditions, or supplement. It will be well, therefore, in 
making a careful study of any matter, to look for refer- 
ences in both sections of the Index volume. 

Another important feature of the Index volume, and 

one which is not alluded to elsewhere in the 
Sane GUIDE, is the Condensed Biographical Dic- 
Dictionary, tionary. This Dictionary is, in short, a por- 
tion of the American Revisions and Additions, 
and includes more than one hundred and thirty double- 
column pages. (See, for its beginning, page 561 of the 


Index volume.) For quick and ready reference, this dic- 
2 


18 INTRODUCTION. 


tionary will often prove to be of great service. It is 
one of the most complete dictionaries of its kind 
ever published, containing the names of more than 
twenty-five thousand persons, with their titles or voca- 
tions, and the dates of birth and death. Further particu- 
lars with regard to most (but, of course, not all) of these 
individuals may be found by referring to the Index, which 
will point out the exact place in the Lrztannica where the 
desired information is given. 


PART I. 


_ 


to eeLOUNCEREOPEE: 


Gls WAU EAMONN GL 
TO THE BOYS AND GIRLS. 


‘‘Now, my young friends, this habit of reading is your pass to the 
greatest, the purest, and the most perfect pleasures that God has pre- 
pared for his creatures. But you cannot acquire this habit in your old 
age; you cannot acquire it in middle age; you must do it now, when 
you are young. You must learn to read, and to like reading now, or 
you cannot do so when you are old.’’—Anthony Trollope. 


ALLOW me to introduce you, boys and girls, to the Ex- 
cyclopedia Britannica. It is, without question, the great- 
est book of its kind that has ever been published 

The in our language. Here we have it in overa score 
Britannica. of huge volumes, with thousands of illustrations 

and hundreds of maps and diagrams. The 
amount of matter which it contains is so great that it 
would take you several years to read it through. 

But it is not intended that anybody shall read it 
through. It would be extremely foolish for you to be- 
gin with the first page of the first volume, and try to read 
everything in the order in which it comes. It would be 
like sitting down at a table loaded with delicacies and 
trying to eat everything from the first dish to the last, 
without considering either your tastes or your needs. No 
person in his right senses would think of doing such a 
thing. You will readily understand, therefore, how im- 
portant it is that you should know, at the very outset, 
what this famous book is, and how it ought to be used in 
order that it may be of the greatest possible assistance 


and value to you. 
2I 


22 GUIDE TO THE 


What is an encyclopedia ? 

It is a book which treats of all the various kinds of 
knowledge. In other words, it is a book which contains 
some information concerning everything that 
can be learned by man in this life. If you 
could know the whole encyclopedia by heart, 
you would be a very learned person, indeed. 
But, of course, this is impossible; and it would be very 
unwise for you to think of becoming a great scholar in 
that way. You do not want to make a walking encyclo- 
pedia of yourself. 

Does the carpenter carry his chest of tools around on 
his back while he is at work? Of course not. But he 

knows where the chest is, and he knows just 

Howto where each tool is placed in it, so that he can 

use it. lay his hands upon it in a moment, even though 

his eyes should be shut. So it should be with your 
encyclopedia. You don’t want to load your mind with 
the millions of facts which it contains, and burden your 
memory with the retention of them all. But you want to 
know your encyclopedia so well that when it is desirable 
to lay hold of a certain fact, you can do so without loss of 
time, and without unnecessary labor. 

Again, among the great variety of tools which the car- 
penter has in his chest, there are some which he uses very 
often, there are others which he needs only on special oc- 
casions, and there are still others which, being required for 
only the very finest work, may not be called into use more 
than once or twice for years at a time. But it is neces- 
sary to have all these tools, and to know how to handle 
them, for there is no telling when they may be called for. 
And so it is with your encyclopedia. Some of its articles 
will be helpful to you, day by day, as you carry on your 
studies at school or your work at home. Others are, at 


What is it ? 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 23 


the present, of no interest whatever to you. Indeed, you 
will find not a few that are wholly incomprehensible to 
you. But that which is of no use to-day may be just the 
thing that you will need a year, two years, or five years 
from to-day; and the articles which you cannot now by 
any means understand may contain exactly what you will 
enjoy and be profited by when you are a little older. And 
so it will be a good thing at the outset to confine your 
inquiries and your readings to those subjects which are the 
easiest for you and in which you will naturally be the 
most deeply interested. 
Now, here are some curious things which you may like 
to read about. They have been selected at random from 
among hundreds of others that will from time 
Curious to time be suggested to you. 
Things. The Bo-tree (the oldest tree in the world), 
320 sup. 
The Banyan tree, III. 348. 
Great trees of California, IV. 704. 
The Upas tree, XXIII. 859. 
Pygmies (famous little people of Africa), XX. 120. 
Gipsies, X. 611. This is a long article, and a part of it 
may not be interesting to you; but you will certainly like 
to read the section which describes their modes of life, X. 
616. 
Magic mirrors, XVI. 501. 
Poison rings, XX. 561. 
Ancient bottles, IV. 167. 
Famous bells, 245 sup. 
Bracelets, IV. 187. 
History of fans, IX. 27. 
Quill pens for writing, IX. 60 a”. 
Flags, in ancient and modern times, IX. 276, 
The sea serpent, X XI. 608 a’. 


24 GUIDE TO THE 


The thugs of India, XXIII. 326. 

Wax figures, XXIV. 460. 

Spinning in old times, XXIV. 730. 

Egyptian, Greek, and Roman months, IV. 665 a”. 
Wild horses of India, XII. 741. 

The roc (monster bird of the Arabian Nights), XX. O11. 
The honey guide (a curious little bird), XII. 139. 

The cockatrice, VI. 98. 

The hunters and the glutton, X. 696 b’. 

The ichneumon, XII. 629. 

ithe custom:ot Apriljloorel gare 

May-day customs in old times, XV. 647 b’””. 

The Nilétestival in| BoyptaVil wera 

The ordeal of fire in the Middle Ages, XVII. 820. 
Deodands, VII. 100. ~ 
The divining-rod, VII. 293, and XI. 549. 

The automaton; [1 142 4° 
The hornbook, XII. 170. 

The diving-bell, VII. 294-300. 
Balloons, I. 187. 


Every young person likes to read about heroes and deeds 
of heroism. The 4ritannica tells of a great number. A 
very interesting course of reading may be made 
up from the following and similar subjects: 

Leonidas, king of Sparta, who with three 
hundred men, defended a mountain pass against 
the entire Persian army, XIV. 462. 

Cincinnatus, who was called from his plough to be dic- 
tator of Rome, V. 784. 

Horatius Cocles, who defended the bridge across the 
Tiber, and thus saved Rome, VI. 100. 

Regulus, the Roman who suffered death rather than 
break his word, XX. 348. 


Heroes. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 25 


William Tell, the mythical hero of Switzerland, X XIII. 
ey 

Arnold Winkelried, the Swiss patriot, XXIV. 612. 

Jeanne D’Arc, the heroine who saved France from the 
English, XIII. 695; IX. 550. 

Captain John Smith, famous in the early history of Vir- 
Biiiawew lim 72) XV 301. 


Then there are scores of interesting articles about kings, 
warriors, and statesmen, some of which you will want to 
read. The following are examples: 

Alexander the Great, I. 480. 
Kings and Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, XI. 441. 
Warriors. Julius Cesar, the greatest of the Romans, 
IV. 633. 

ameriane tice tartare X41 LI 3300. 

Charlemagne, V. 402. 

multredsthe: Great, 1.7500, 

William the Conqueror, XXIV. 574. 

Richard Coeur de Lion, XX. 530. 

Peter the Great of Russia, X VIII. 698. 

George Washington, XXIV. 387. 

Napoleon Bonaparte, XVII. 192. 


Or, if you would read of discoverers and adventurers, 
see such articles as these: 
Prince Henry the Navigator, XI. 672. 
Columbus, VI. 171. 


peovactemeetTerman, Cortes, V1.0 441. 
and ; : 
Pee perce Lancisco. bizarro, XLX7 150; 


Ferdinand Magellan, XV. 197. 
John and Sebastian Cabot, IV. 622. — 
Sir Francis Drake, VII. 389. 
Vasco da Gama, X. 57. 


26 GUIDE TO THE 


Captain Cook, VI. 330. 

Henry Hudson, XII. 332 a. 

Ibn Batuta (14th century), XII. 607 b. 

Marco Polo, XIX. 404. 

African Explorations, I. 245. 

Henry M. Stanley and the recent discoveries in Africa, 
1458 sup. 

Arctic Explorations and Discoveries, II. 133. 

Sir John Franklin, IX. 7109. 

Martin Frobisher, IX. 791. 

Australian explorers, III. 104. 


Then aside from this mere reading for pleasure or ordi- 

nary information, you will want to learn from time to 
time how a great many things are done. The 

How todo Lritannica will help you. For example, no- 

Things. tice the following: 

How to make liquid glue, X. 134 a. 

How to do gold gilding, X. 594 a. 

How to tie knots, XIV. 128 a. 

How to make gold lacquer for brass work, XIV. 194 a. 

How to make snow-shoes, X XII. 201 b. 

How to make photographs, XVIII. 214 b. 

How to do sleight of hand tricks, XIV. 414. 

How to collect butterflies, IV. 597 b. 

How to make a cheap farm bridge, 343 sup. 

How to make putty, XX. 18 b. 

How to build an ice house, XII. 616 a. 

How to shoe a horse, 858 sup. 

How bells are made, III. 537 a. 

How matches are made, XV. 624. 

How to do with a magic lantern, XV. 211. 

How nets are made, XVII. 350. 

How to make flies for trout fishing, II. 4o. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 27 


How pins are made, XIX. 97. 

How a marble statue is made, X XI. 571. 
How to make a canoe, IV. 811. 

How to rig a ship, XXI. 593. 

How to care for hunting hounds, XII. 315. 
How to make bows and arrows, II. 376 a. 
How to catch fish with a hook, II. 32. 


And now don’t you begin to see what a vast amount of 
entertaining and useful knowledge lies before you in these 
volumes, ready for you to use when you choose? 

In the chapters that are to follow, an effort will be 
made to classify a few of the subjects which will be of 
most interest to you. In this way the GUIDE hopes to 
help you to a still further and more intimate acquaintance 
with the contents of the Avztannica. If you once acquire 
the habit of consulting it, you will find it a trustworthy 
friend, ready to answer your questions and willing to help 
you on all occasions. 

The Index volume of the Arztannica will be of great 
assistance to you in making references to any of the other 
volumes. When you want to find out anything about a 
given subject, it is often a good plan to turn at once to 
that volume. If you do not know how to use the Index, 
refer now to page 16 of this GUIDE, and read the direc- 
tions that are given there. 


28 GUIDE TO THE 


GHA Ei rae 


HOME READINGS IN HISTORY. 
Lhe use or reading is to aid us in thinking.’’—Zdward Gibbon. 


TO KNOW one thing well is better than to have a smat- 
tering of many things. It is an excellent plan to choose 
for yourself some particular subject which you like, and 

then to follow a systematic course of reading 
Courses of On that subject until you have acquired a com- 
Reading. prehensive knowledge of it. Some of you will 

prefer history, some of you biography (which is 
really a branch of history), some of you science, and some 
of you art. In beginning such a course read that which 
you can readily understand; you will gradually become 
able to understand and enjoy things which now seem very 
hard and totally unintelligible to you. It is not intended 
that a course of this kind should take the place of the 
miscellaneous reading which you will want to do—of the 
stories, the poems, the sketches, the many excellent and 
beautiful things in literature which every intelligent boy 
or girl takes delight in reading. The aim and object of 
this course is to add to your knowledge, to aid you in 
thinking, to help you to become an intelligent man or wo- 
man. Having once decided to begin it, resolve that noth- 
ing shall induce you to neglect it. Devote a little time to 
it regularly. If you give ten minutes every day to syste- 
matic reading—and you need not give more—you will be 
astonished at the end of a year to note how many things 
you have learned. But if you find the reading pretty diffi- 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 29 


cult now and then, you must not give up on that account. 
The hardest reading is very often the most profitable— 
provided always that we make ourselves the masters of it. 

There are a great many articles in the Lrztannica which 
may be utilized in courses of reading of this kind. If the 
Lritannica is the only book to which you have access, 
these articles may be made to comprise a complete course 
in themselves. But if there are at hand other books on 
the same subject, then the readings from the Britannica 
may be made to supplement your study of these other 
authorities. For instance, let us suppose that you have 
undertaken to learn all that you can about United States 
History. Perhaps you have studied a text-book on that 
subject at school. Did it seem dull and dry to you? Per- 
haps the writer has made it so by trying to compress a 
great amount of information into a very small space. He 
has given a large number of dates and names, and you 
have been expected to learn these and remember them. 

But history in the true sense of the word is a good deal 

more than dates and names. It is a fascinating 
What is story,and people read it because of the pleas- 
History? ure which it gives no less than for the profit 
which may be derived from it. Take now your 

school history and supplement the lessons which it con- 
tains with readings from the following articles in the L7z- 
tannica : 

The story of Columbus, VI. 171. 

The life of Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, VI. 441. 

The life of Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, 
XIX. 159; and a particular account of his ex- 
plotte tne beri Vil 11677; 

The life of Balboa, the discoverer of the 
Pacific Ocean, III. 273; and a particular account of his 
great discovery, X. 182. 


Discoverers 
and 
Colonists. 


30 GUIDE TO THE 


The life of De Soto, the discoverer of the Mississippi, 
Vili oar oie 

The life of Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman who 
sailed round the world, VII. 389. 

The life of Sir Walter Raleigh, the great admiral, states- 
man, and courtier, XX. 262. 

The life of Captain John Smith, who figures so promi- 
nently in the story of the settlement of Virginia, XXII. 173. 

The story of Pocahontas, the Indian princess, XXII. 175. 

The story of the Pilgrim Fathers, XII. 726. 

The account of the Dutch settlers in New York, XVII. 
454. 

The life of William Penn, the Quaker founder of Penn- 
sylvania, XVIII. 492. 

The story of Marquette, the French explorer, XV. 565. 

The life of La Salle, who re-discovered the Mississippi, 
PeliVaes lo: 

The story of Pontiac, the Indian chief, XVIII. 504. 

The life of General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec, XXIV. 630. 

The life of Washington, XXIV. 387. 

Great The life of Franklin, America’s first philoso- 

Americans. pher, IX. 711. 
The life of Patrick Henry, XI. 676. 

The life of John Adams, I. 141. 

The life of Thomas Jefferson, XIII. 613. 

The story of the Declaration of Independence, XXIII. 
743: 

Thejlitesof Vatayette; mal Vvezo1s 

‘The liferol GeneraliGareena axl 103, 

The story of Benedict Arnold, XXIII. 744, 787. 

The life of Cornwallis, VI. 428. 

An account of Aaron Burr, XI., 413. 

The life of Alexander Hamilton, XI. 412. 

And now, if you wish to continue your historical read- 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 31 


ings to the present time, you may do so by reading the 
biographies of the Presidents who have not been named 
in the list above: 
The James Madison, XV. 182. 
Presidents. James Monroe, XVI. 760. 
John Quincy Adams, I. 142. 

Andrew Jackson, XIII. 533. 

Martin Van Buren, XXIV. 56. 

William H. Harrison, XI. 495. 

John Tyler, XXIII. 674, 766. 

James K, Polk, XIX. 4o1. 

Zachary Taylor, XXIII. 96. 

Millard Fillmore, IX. 165. 

Franklin Pierce, XIX. 81. 

James Buchanan, IV. 413. 

Abraham Lincoln, XIV. 658. 

Andrew Johnson, XIII. 719. 

Ulysses S. Grant, XXIII. 788, 776; also 774 sup. 

Rutherford B. Hayes, XXIII. 784; also 828 sup. 

James A. Garfield, 736 sup. 

Chester A. Arthur, 151 sup. 

Grover Cleveland, 478 sup. 

Benjamin Harrison, 821 sup. 

By the time you have read all these biographies you 
will have acquired such a knowledge of American history 
as will be of value to you as long as you live.. But to 
some of you this course may seem hard, dry reading. If 
so, it will be no trouble to suggest another—a very differ- 
ent one, which all boys who are fond of the sea and not 
afraid of a little history will turn to with pleasure. 


NAVAL HISTORY. 


Ships in former times were very different from those 
which sail the sea nowadays. Read of the first invention 


32 GUIDE TO THE 


of boats and ships in volume XXI., page 804. Among the 
earliest war ships of which we have any account 

Ships. are the Greek and Roman triremes, described on 

page 806 of the same volume. In the article 
on the NAvy, XVII. 279, there is an interesting account 
of the early war ships used by the English. King Henry 
VIII. is said to have laid the foundation of the British 
navy, and the largest ship of his time, the Great Harry, 
is described, XVII. 281. Queen Elizabeth called together 
the greatest naval force that had ever been known, in 
order to oppose the Invincible Armada of Spain. The 
story of the ARMADA and of its notable defeat is told in 
an interesting article on page 543 of volume II. And in 
this connection you will want to read about Sir Walter 
Raleigh, XX. 262, about Sir Francis Drake, VII. 389, and 
about Sir John Hawkins, XI. 535. 

But it is not expected that this course of reading shall 
be exhaustive; and so you may turn now to the life of 
Nelson, X VIT. 321; to the ‘battle of the Niles ios 2eage 
to the battle of Trafalgar, VI. 146. 

Next, read about our own naval heroes: 

Paul Jones, eX T119728: 

Commodore Decatur, XXIII. 760; also 554 sup. 

Commodore Perry, 1222 sup. 

Admiral Farragut, IX. 41. 

Finally, by way of concluding this brief course of read- 
ing, you will find it profitable to learn all that you can 
about the UNITED STATES NAVY, XXIII. 828, and par- 
ticularly our new navy, its wonderful armament and its 
estimated strength, 1113 sup. 


THE ROMANCE OF HISTORY. 


1. There are many things connected with the history of 
the Middle Ages which give to it the charm of romance. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 33 


We never tire of reading about the KNIGHTS of chivalry, 
XIV.110; about the CASTLES in which they 

Talesof lived, V. 197; about the TOURNAMENTs which 

Knighthood. they held, XXIII. 489; and about the CRU- 
SADES, in which they engaged, VI. 622. 

Next, let us read the legend of Roland, the peerless 
knight of France, XX. 626; the history of Richard the 
Lion-hearted, XX. 539, and particularly of his exploits 
in Palestine, VI. 628; the story of the English outlaw, 
Robin Hood, XX. 605 ; the account of Godfrey of Bouil- 
lon, VI. 624; the history of the Children’s Crusade, 
VI. 627; and, finally, the story of Chevalier Bayard, 
the knight “without fear and without reproach,” III. © 
457- 

When you have mastered this course of reading, you 
will have a better knowledge of medizval life and manners 
and traditions than you could ever have acquired merely 
by studying an ordinary text-book at school. 

2. A second course—equally interesting, but somewhat 
harder, and, therefore, suited to older readers—may be 
taken from ROMAN HIsToRY. Read the legendary story of 

Romulus, the reputed founder of the city, XX. 
Stories of 840; the mythical tale of the Horatii and Cu- 
Rome. riatii, XII. 160; the account of Horatius Cocles, 
the hero who kept the bridge, VI. 100; of 
brave Regulus, who never broke his word, XX. 348; of 
Cincinnatus, called from his plough to defend his country, 
Weevod Ou Gormelia, the mother of the Gracchi, V I.@421;- 
of the Gracchi themselves, and of their services to their 
country, XI. 25; of Hannibal, the Carthaginian hero, 
Xi 4415 and of Cesar 1V.633, and Pompey, XTX. 451; 
and the downfall of the Roman republic, XX. 763. 

3. The third course is not historical, but entirely myth- 

ical or legendary, and yet there is, doubtless, some sort of 
3 


34 GUIDE TO THE 


historical basis for it. It relates to the story of the TRo- 

JAN WAR—an event immortalized by Homer, 

Story of the first of the poets, and made the subject of 

Troy. many a tale and poem and tragic drama from 

his time until now. As the basis and starting- 

point of this course, read the Legend of Troy, XXIII. 582; 
then refer to the following articles in their order : 

Paris, whose perfidy was the cause of the war and the 
ultimate ruin of his country, XVIII. 295. 

Helen of Argos, the most beautiful woman in the 
world, XI. 629. 

Menelaus, the wronged husband of Helen, XVI. Io. 

Agamemnon, “king of men” and leader of the Grecian 
forces, . e273) 

Odysseus, the wily hero, chief actor in Homer’s Odys- 
SEV iw VL1. 720; 

Achilles, whose wrath and its consequences form the 
subject of the Iliad, I. 94. 

Hector, the bravest and ablest of the Trojan chiefs, 
XI. 609. 

Ajax Telamon and Ajax Ojileus, typical heroes and 
leaders-of the Greeks, Io 432: 

And now, if you have become interested in stories of 
this kind, turn to page 132 of the GUIDE and find there an 
extensive list of Greek legends and other romantic tales, 
all of which are narrated with more or less fulness in the 
pages of the Britannica. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 35 


CMe b Wed EARS AOS 
HOME READINGS IN BIOGRAPHY. 


‘“‘ Lives of great men all remind us, 
We can make our lives sublime, 
And, departing, leave behind us 
Footprints on the sands of time.”’ 
—Long fellow. 


THE biographies of great, and especially of good men, 
will always be found instructive and useful to the young. 
Some of the best are almost equal to gospels. They teach 
high living, high thinking, and energetic action. They 
show what it is in the power of each to accomplish for 
himself. No young man can rise from the perusal of such 
lives without feeling his whole mind and heart made better, 
and his best resolutions strengthened. They increase his 

self-reliance by fortifying his views and elevat- 
Usesof ing his aims in life. Sometimes, too, a young 
Biography. man discovers himself in a biography, as Cor- 
reggio felt within him the risings of genius on 
contemplating the works of Michael Angelo. “And I, 
too,am a painter!” he exclaimed. Benjamin Franklin 
was accustomed to attribute his usefulness and eminence 
to his having in youth read a work of Cotton Mather’s. 
And Samuel Drew avers that he framed his own life, and 
especially his business habits, on the model left on record 
by Benjamin Franklin. Thus, it is impossible to say 
where a good example may not reach, or where it will 
end, if indeed it have an end. 


30 GUIDE TO THE 


But, to be more precise, it may be well to name a few 
biographies that will illustrate the more desirable elements 
of character. For instance the most striking lessons of 


DILIGENCE, APPLICATION, AND PERSEVERANCE 


are to be found in the lives of certain famous men about 
whom no one can afford to be ignorant. Read, therefore, 
the following biographical sketches : 

Benjamin Franklin, the studious printer’s ap- 

Menof prentice, who became the first philosopher of 
Diligence. America, IX. 711. 

Washington Irving, the “ father of American 
Mterature na, | bites 724 

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, the leader of the 
victorious armies at Waterloo, XXIV. 493. 

Michael Faraday, the distinguished scientist, IX. 29. 

James A. Garfield, the canal-boy, who became President 
of the United States, 736 sup. 

Richard Cobden, the English political economist and 
reformer, VI. 85. 

Hugh Miller, the stone-cutter of Cromarty, who at- 
tained distinction in both science and literature, XVI. 
213, 

Sir Isaac Newton, the son of a small farmer, who 
through his industry became the foremost philosopher of 
modern times, XVII. 438. 

Buffon, the French naturalist, who declared that “ ge- 
nius is patience,” and whose rule was to turn every mo- 
ment to account, IV. 444. 

Daguerre, the inventor of the daguerreotype, and the 
real founder of the art of photography, VI. 761. 

Gainsborough, the son of a cloth-worker, who became 
one of the greatest of English painters, X. 15. 

General Grant, who rose from obscurity to be one of the 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 37 


most suceessful military leaders of modern times, 774 sup. 
Then there have been men who, in the face of 


POVERTY, SICKNESS, OR DISASTER, 


won their way to success and distinction. Read the story 
of their lives, and learn that to the boy or man of deter- 
mination and will, there is no such thing as failure. 
Among scores of such men, it is necessary to mention 
only a few. 

Palissy, the potter, whose life reads like a 

Men of romance, XVIII. 186. 

Determina- : : : : ‘ : 
ein Galileo, who continued his scientific pursuits 
even after blindness and old age had come upon 
him, X. 30. 

Elihu Burritt, “the learned blacksmith,” who, in the 
odd moments of his business, made himself the master of 
forty languages, 372 sup. 

Thomas Carlyle, the son of a mason, who, by his own 
perseverance became one of the most famous men of mod- 
ern times, 400 sup. 

John Bunyan, who wrote the “ Pilgrim’s Progress ” 
while in prison, and at the same time supported his fam- 
ily by making tag laces, IV. 5206. 

Sir Richard Arkwright, who worked his way from a 
barber’s shop to be the inventor of the spinning jenny 
and the founder of the cotton industry in Great Britain, 
IDE: SZ tep 

Samuel Drew, who rose from the shoemaker’s bench to 
be a distinguished essayist and preacher, VII. 460. 

Sir Humphry Davy, the distinguished philosopher, who 
worked his way up from the position of a country apothe- 
cary, VI. 845. 

George Stephenson, the colliery engine-man, who in- 
vented the railway locomotive, XXII. 537. 


38 GUIDE TO THE 


Andrew Johnson, the tailor’s apprentice, who became 
President of the United States, x Ele 710, 
For examples of 


ENERGY, PROMPTITUDE, AND HARDIHOOD, 


look into the biographies of such men as the following: 
Napoleon Bonaparte, XVII. 192. 
Menof Peter the Great, XVIII. 698. 
Energy. Saladin, XVI. 588. 
Francis Xavier, XXIV. 716. 
Lord Clive, VI. 8. 
Oliver Cromwell, VI. 597. 
Andrew Jackson, XIII. 533. 
Ihobert Lec ex LV ee Go: 
Henry M. Stanley, 1458 sup. 
For interesting illustrations of the manly qualities of 


PATIENCE AND FORTITUDE UNDER REVERSES, 


study the lives of such noted men as 
Christopher Columbus, VI. 171. 
Menof John Hampden, the English patriot, XI. 428. 
Patience. Dante, the great Italian poet, VI. 809. 
Sir Walter Raleigh, XX. 262. 
Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, 956 sup. 
James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, XXIV. 412. 
James Audubon, the famous American ornithologist, 
ibe vies 
Layard, the discoverer and excavator of the ruins of 
Nineveh, 979 sup. 
William Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the 
blood, XI. 502. 
Claude Lorraine, the pastry-cook’s apprentice, who be- 
came one of the most distinguished of the painters of 
Erance ey sad 4 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 39 


John Flaxman, the famous English sculptor, IX. 298. 
If you would like to read of pleasant instances of 


CHEERFULNESS AND EQUANIMITY OF TEMPER 


under every variety of fortune, turn to the lives of men like 
Dr. Samuel Johnson, XIII. 719. 
Men of Oliver Goldsmith, X. 760. 
Cheerful- é 
os Sydney Smith, XXII. 177. 
Lord Palmerston, XVIII. 193. 
Abraham Lincoln, XIV. 658. 
Very interesting and valuable also are those lessons of 


INTEGRITY AND UPRIGHTNESS OF PRINCIPLE 


that are shown in the careers of 
Diogenes, the Greek philosopher, VII. 245. 
Menof Edmund Burke, the English orator, IV. 538. 
Integrity. Dr. Thomas Arnold, head master of the school 
See aa hucby shi 626: 
Sir Thomas More, the English statesman, XVI. 815. 
John Howard, the philanthropist, XII. 310. 
William Chambers, the Scottish publisher, V. 380. 
Loyola, the founder of the society of Jesuits, XV. 31. 
William Wilberforce, the opponent of the slave trade, 
XT, 505: 
“Stonewall” Jackson, the Confederate general, XIII. 534. 
If you would learn of the rewards which follow 


METHOD, PRECISION, AND PAINSTAKING, 


read the biographies of 
Nicolas Poussin, the French painter, XIX. 649. 
Menof Michel Angelo, the great Italian artist, XVI. 229. 
Precision. Baron Cuvier, the French naturalist, VI. 740. 
Titian, the Italian painter, XXIII. 413. 
William Wordsworth, the poet of nature, XXIV. 668. 


40 GUIDE TO THE 


Lord Brougham, lord chancellor of England, IV. 373. 

Alexander Pope, XIX. 481: 

William Cecil; Lord Burghley, Queen Elizabeth’s prime 
minister, V. 283. 

Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, VIII. 367. 

And for the supreme lessons of purity of life and 


NOBILITY OF MOTIVE 


examine the lives of such men as 
General Lafayette, XIV. 201. 
Men of William Lloyd Garrison, X. 85. 
Noble 
Motives: (lucrace; Greeley leet oc: 
John G, Whittier, 1627 sup., 
and other illustrious persons of our own and foreign lands. 
Some we have here named might be catalogued, indeed, 
as types of every excellence that should adorn human 
character. Such are our own Washington and Benjamin 
Franklin, but even the youngest student will see how hard 
it is to attempt a biographical classification on these lines. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. Al 


(CinWaw AM aase gANe 
HOME READINGS IN SCIENCE. 


‘To neglect all the abiding parts of knowledge for the sake of the 
evanescent parts is really to know nothing worth knowing.’’—Fyrederick 
Harrison, 


THE subject of history is not equally attractive to all 
young people. There are some who would prefer to read 
of the great world of nature, and for these it 
Natural would be easy to name very many Srztannica 
History. articles which would prove interesting and in- 
structive. Now, here is a course of readings in 
natural history arranged in twelve divisions, each of which 
can be easily completed in a month. You will find some 
of the articles very interesting indeed, while others, per- 
haps, will seem rather hard and at first not so easy to un- 
derstand. But if you begin on this course and hold to it 
for a year, you will find not only that you have gained a - 
great deal of information, but that the reading of these 
various articles has increased your capacity for deriving 
the highest pleasure from the perusal of books. 


READINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY. 


I. BEASTS. 
fee lepiant, Villisi22: 
The Giraffe, X. 618. 
The Beaver and its habits, III. 475. 
Monkeys, II. 148. 


42 GUIDE TO THE 


The Chameleon, V. 381. 
Ne sliver Nuria as: 


Il. -CURIOUS BIRDS. 


The Albatros—the famous bird of the South Seas, I. 448. 

The Dodo—a strange bird now no longer in existence, 
WAGE cea 

The Cormorant—how it is taught to catch fish, VI. 407. 

he Dove, sVil23 70: 

Migration of Birds, III. 765. 

The Nightingale, XVII. 4098. 

(Lhe Storky Xoo Lions: 


lil. FISHES: 


Whetohark exec lie7 7c 

The Swordfish, XXII. 804. 

Mackerel exVcarso. 

Codfish, VI. 103. 

Cuttlefishy\ 127 35-s"Goldish sxe. c. 


IV. REPTILES, 


Special article, XX. 432. 

Rattlesnake, XX. 293. 

Vobray<V oo SA nacondagiazas: 
Boa Constrictor, III. 841. 

Tortoise, XXIII. 455 (illustrated). 
Crocodile, V l.-502- eA llioatorelecn 


Va INSECTS: 


Habits of Ants, II. 94 a. 

Slaveholding Ants, II. 97 a. 

White Ants of Africa, II. 99 a. 

Bees and their Habits, III. 484. 

An interesting description of Spiders, II. 297. 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. A3 


The Mantis—the curious “ subject of many wide-spread 
legends,” XV. 503. 


VI--EX TINCT ANIMALS: 


The Mammoth (illustrated), XV. 447. 
The Megatherium (illustrated), XV. 829. 
The Plesiosaurus, XIX. 220. 

iierr terodactyh xX. SO: 


VII: FABLED ANIMALS. 


The Dragon, VII. 385. 
ihe CockatricesV ls: 
TAS (pet nny Cik, Akeley 
Phe:Chimzra,' V.. 626. 
Hheehncenixes. VILLI S10. 
ree ocr AN. OL LP: 


VIII. DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 


History of the Horse, XII. 172. 
Mmheeatavianvrlorse,, 11.240. 
fihcw@aniclahVs 730. 

Dogs (an illustrated article), VII. 324. 
(fats evs 202, 

ihe Cow. l5<300: 


IX. SEA ANIMALS. 


Wecanbite 150 :sup: 

Whales and whale fishing, XXIV. 523. 
Seals and seal fishing, X XI. 580. 

The Walrus (illustrated), XXIV. 337. 
The Dolphin, VII. 346. 

Corals, VI. 369. 


AA GUIDE TO THE 


X. COMMON INSECTS. 


The Housefly, XII. 317. 
The Humble-Bee, XII. 342. 
Beetles; V 12126. 

Gnats, X. 700. 

Mosquitoes, XVI, 866. 
Butterflies, IV. 592. 


XI. BARNYARD FOWLS. 


Chickens, IX. 4o1. 
Turkeys, XXIII. 657. 
tRESC SEN 772 

Ducks, VII. 505. 
Pigeons, XIX. 84. 
Eggs of Birds, III. 772. 


XII, MISCELLANEOUS. 


Special article on Birds, III. 699. 
Special article on Insects, XIII. 141. 
Animals of Asia, II. 695. 

Animals of Africa, I. 258. 

Animals of America, I. 681. 

Article on Amphibia, I. 750. 


Of course this list might have been made very much 
longer—for the Britannica contains hundreds of such arti- 
cles. But the above will be sufficient to start with, and, 
as you proceed with your reading, other subjects will 
naturally suggest themselves which you will be able to 
find from the Index volume without any further help 
from the GUIDE. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. A5 


CH ABE REV, 
GAMES, SPORTS, AND PASTIMES. 


‘Up! up! my friend, and quit your books, 
Or surely you'll grow double: 
Up! up! my friend, and clear your looks ; 
Why all this toil and trouble ?’’— Wordsworth. 


THIS would be but a dull world if everybody worked all 
the time, and never took any recreation. And the £x- 
cyclopedia Britannica would be a dull book if it were filled 

entirely with information about the different 
Work and branches of scientific knowledge, and said noth- 
Play. ing at all about the games, sports, and pastimes 
which amuse our leisure hours and add to the 
enjoyableness of life. But from these volumes you can 
learn how to play, as well as how to work. Every game 
of any importance, every pastime that is of general in- 
terest receives its proper notice. 

Do you want to know all about BASE-BALL, its history, 
the rules which govern the game, etc.? Turn to volume 

III., page 406, and you will find there a brief 

Games of but comprehensive article on that subject, which 

Ball. every boy will want to study; and this is con- 

tinued in a supplementary article, page 216, sup. 

The English national game of CRICKET is treated with 

equal fulness in VI. 578. Both these articles contain not 

only the rules most generally recognized for the govern- 

ment of the games, but carefully drawn diagrams of the 
fields, and full directions for playing. 


46 GUIDE! TO, THE 


ARCHERY is the subject of an extremely interesting 
article, II. 371. From that article you may learn not only 
the history of bows and arrows but how to 
Out-door make them (II. 376), and also the rules which 
‘Games. govern the popular pastime of archery (II. 377). 
Other out-door games of almost every kind 

are described with like completeness: 

Golf, X. 765. 

Lacrosse) X1V..195- 

Bowls, IV. 179. 

en-pins;ebVeeroo10 =. 

Groquet,. Vil: Gogap: 

Quoits, XX. 189. 

Wurlin ovale le. 

Billiards, III. 674. 

Rackets, XX. 540. 

Polo, XIX. 403. 

ennis x ol Llegiu7o: 

Football, IX. 367. 

All kinds of indoor games are also described, to- 
gether with minute directions for playing them. The 

article on CHESS, V. 592, is interesting for its 

Indoor historical information. That on DRAUGHTS 

Games. (commonly known in this country as checkers), 

VII. 444, and that on Backgammon, III. 197, 
are equally entertaining and instructive. Read the 
special article on GAMES, X. 63. 

The article on FALCONRY, IX. 6-12, gives an account 
of the rearing and training of hawks for hunting purposes, 
and of the manner in which this once popular 
sport was conducted. Closely connected with 
this is the subject of TOURNAMENTS, the his- 
tory of which is pleasantly narrated in XXIII. 
489. The article entitled ANGLING, II. 32, contains a 


Sports. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 47 


good deal of information about fish, and the art of taking 
them with hooks. Most boys will like to read about 
HUNTING, XII. 392, about the care of fox-hounds, XII. 
315, about fox-hunting, XII, 395, and about HORSEMAN- 
SHIP, XII. 195. All sportsmen will turn with interest to 
the GAME LAws of the United States, page 868, sup., and 
will note what is said about sportsmen’s dogs—such as 
the setter and the pointer—VII. 328, 330. 

If you ride a BICYCLE you will want to read its history, 
III. 665. Then the article on SKATING, XXII. 104, will 
claim your attention; and the practical directions for 
SWIMMING and diving, XXII. 768, will repay you for. all 
the time which you devotetothem. CANOEING, IV. 811, is 
another practical out-door article ; and YACHTING, XXIV. 
722-725, is one of historical interest. The special article 
on ATHLETIC SPORTS, III. 12, is full of valuable informa- 
tion, especially with reference to physical culture, although 
there are certain portions of it which some of the younger 
boys may not care to read. 

After learning about the sports and games of our own 
times, it is natural that we should like to know how the 

people of former ages amused themselves, and 
Ancient how they trained their bodies, and cultivated 
Pastimes. their strength. Here are afew of the many 
articles, or parts of articles, which may be read : 

Greek games, X. 63 a. 

Roman games, X. 65 a. 

Athietaey DITo11. 

sncmAmOuitheatre, 17745 XX7.830. 

The Colosseum at Rome, II. 410. 

ivnntaneocaines Vie Lins VL T40re Xx ivogs VLE 
760. 

Gladiatorial games, X. 632. 

Secular games at Rome, XXI. 618. 


48 GUIDE TO THE 


Wrestling, X. 64. 

Roman circus, V. 791; XX. 829. 

Chariot racing, X. 64. 

But enough has been said to give you an idea of the many 
interesting things about sports and amusements that are 
to be found in the Brztannica. Yet it may not 
be amiss to close this chapter by referring the 
lovers of puzzles and mystery to two articles 
which cannot fail to supply suggestions for many 
a pleasant hour: | 

Riddles, XX. 549. 

Legerdemain (sleight of hand), XIV. 414; XV. 207. 


Puzzles. 


PART Il. 


Tals, Sy HEAD chip 


49 


(Cle braW ed OAR WA 
THREE COURSES OF READING IN HISTORY. 
‘* History is philosophy teaching by examples.’’—JSolingbroke. 


THE entire history of man, from the earliest times to 
the present, will be found in the Lxcyclopedia Britannica. 
Many of the articles on historical subjects are chiefly 
valuable for purposes of reference, while others are ex- 
tremely interesting when read in course, and if taken up 
and studied systematically will give to the student a mas- 
tery of the subject which he could not well acquire from 
any similar work. 

It is proposed in this chapter to indicate three distinct 
courses of reading, any one of which can be pursued in- 
dependently of the others. In laying out these courses 
the aim has been to select from the great abundance of 
material in the Brztannica such portions as are essential to 
an understanding of the march of events, and to pass 
lightly over those periods of history which have been un- 
prolific of events of general and permanent interest. 


I, AMERICAN HISTORY. 


The article AMERICA, I. 669, contains a section of 
twenty pages devoted to ancient America. This will serve 
as an excellent introduction to the course of 

Ancient study upon which we have entered. Here you 
America. will find a full account of the aborigines, page 
686; their languages, page 688; their tribal 
organization, page 690; the ancient remains of the Mis- 

51 


52 GUIDE TO THE 


sissippi valley and other localities, page 691; an account 
of the native civilization; page 694; anda very interesting 
résumé of the curious traditional history of Central Amer- 
ica. * In. the articles, MEXICO,. XVI) 200;and ey) Game 
XXIV. 759, there is a still fuller exposition of this sub- 
ject. In the article PERU, XVIII. 676, the remarkable 
civilization of the country of the Incas is described in a 
manner that is both pleasing and instructive. 
It is still, in certain respects, a debated point as to who 
was the real discoverer of America. In the article AMERICA, 
I. 706, a full account is given of the voyages 
The of the Northmen to the shores of North Amer- 
Discovery. ica, and following this, we have the story of 
Columbus and his discoveries. Turn now to 
the biography of Columbus, VI. 170. Read, also, the life 
of Sebastian Cabot, IV. 622, and that of Amerigo Ves- 
pucci, XXIV. 170, who, by a singular fortune, gave his 
name to the New World. The conquest of Mexico is 
well told in the article CORTES, VI. 441, and that of Peru 
in-the*article PIZARRO, 2130. hbo; 


THE UNITED STATES. 


Begin with the article UNITED STATES, XXIII. 7209. 
The first part of this article, containing seventy-two pages, 
embraces a history of our country which is not 
General only more complete, but far more readable than 
Views. most of the school text-books on this subject. 
To add to the value of the article, it 1s illus- 
trated with several maps: 
1. A map of the English colonies. 
2. A map showing the territorial growth of the United 
States from 1776 to 1887. 
3. A map of the United States corrected to date. 
A brief analysis of this article will show us what addi- 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. a 


tional subjects may be brought in by way of collateral 
reading. 

In connection with the history of VIRGINIA, XXIII. 724, 

read the following articles or parts of articles: 

viteiaid Sir Walter Raleigh, XX. 262. 

Mm onnvomithpe alle 173: 
History of Tobacco, XIII. 423 (one column). 

Introduction of Slavery into America, X XI. 137 (begin- 
ning with “Spanish Colonies,” second column, and end- 
ing at the bottom of page 138). 

In connection with NEW ENGLAND, XXIII. 729, read 

about the Puritans, VIII. 177, and Roger Wil- 

Northern liams, XXIV. 586. 

Colonies. In connection with Pennsylvania, XXIII. 

730, read about William Penn, XVIII. 494. 
With the REVOLUTIONARY WAR, XXIII. 739, we reach 
the period of those great men whom we justly 
The Style “the fathers.” Let us read the biographi- 
Revolution. cal sketches of a few of these makers of the 
nation: 

George Washington, XXIV. 387. 

Patrick Henry, XI. 676. 

Thomas Jefferson, XIII. 613. 

John Adams, I. 141. 

James Madison, XV. 182. 

James Monroe, XVI. 760. 

Alexander Hamilton, XI. 412. 

These articles will help us to understand not only the 
period of the Revolution, but the equally important pe- 
riods which followed—the formation of the FEDERAL 
CONSTITUTION, XXIII. 744, and the beginnings of the 
government under the constitution, XXIII. 751. 

Nullification, XXIII. 763. With this read Andrew 
Jackson, XIII. 533, and John C. Calhoun, IV. 683. 


54 GUIDE TO THE 


Opposition to Slavery, XXIII. 765. William Lloyd 
Garrison, X. 85. History of Slavery, XXII. 
(beginning near the bottom of page 138 and 
continuing to the middle of the second column, 
page 142). Henry Clay, V. 817; Daniel Web- 
ster, XXIV. 471; StephensA: Douglas V Lig 77: 
Entering now upon the period of the CIVIL WAR and 
the reconstruction which followed it,» XXIII. 774-784, 
we may read, for additional information, the articles Abra- 
ham Lincoln, XIV. 658, U. S. Grant, 774 sup., Jefferson 
Davis, 547 sup., and Robert E. Lee, XIV. 399. 
Before concluding this course of reading, it will be well 
to notice another very important article, or rather series 
of articles, relating to the history of our country. 
rae ee Among the articles comprising the American ad- 
Casa ditions and revisions to the L7ztannica there are 
sixty-three pages of matter, the most of which 
should be read, and some of it studied thoroughly. The 
facts there given are of interest and importance to every 
American citizen. Here are the headings of some of the 
sections : 
Territories: of the’ United Statesiin 1776 pmi5e 4 
Cessions by foreign powers to the United States, p. 1524. 
Declaration of Independence, p. 1527. 
Articles of Confederation, p. 1528. 
Earliest Congress of the United States, p. 1530. 
Constitution of the United States (full text), p. 1535. 
Relation of the President of the United States to the 
National Legislature, p. 1538. 


Slavery. 


Il. ANCIENT ZiISTORY:. 


In indicating the following course of reading, an attempt 
will be made to cover all the more important periods of 
ancient history, and at- the same time not to mark out 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 55 


more than can be mastered within a reasonable length 
of time. It is possible that the reader will enlarge it 
at many points by reading entire articles, of which only 
parts are here indicated; but, whether he does this or 
not, he should find himself at the end of the course pos- 
sessed of a good general knowledge of ancient history, of 
its leading characters, and its more interesting 
Oriental Scenes and incidents. 
Countries, Ecypt.—A long and very scholarly article on 
this country is contained in the seventh volume 
of the Brizannica. Read the following sections with spe- 
cial care: 

Description of Egypt, page 702; its ancient inhabitants, 
page 713; its chronology, page 728; the Egyptian dynas- 
ties, page 730; the twelfth dynasty, page 734; the acces- 
sion of Ptolemy I., page 745. 

ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA.—Read the entire article on 
these countries, III. 183. Read also the description of 
Babylon, III. 182, and of Nineveh, XVII. 511; also, the 
account of Jonah, XIII. 736, and that of Berosus, III. 607. 

PH@NICIA.—Read the greater part of the article under 
this heading, and especially the following sections: De- 
scription of Phoenicia, XVIII. 801, 802; origin of the 
Phoenicians, page 803; navigation, trades, and colonies, 
pages 804-807. Read also the articles Tyre, XXIII. 710, 
and Sidon, X XII.-35. 

PERSIA.—In volume XVIII. of the Arztannica, one hun- 
dred pages are devoted to Persia. The history of ancient 
Persia extends from page 561 to page 616. If your time is 
limited, begin with the section entitled Medo-Persian Em- 
pire, page 561; read the history of Cyrus, page 564, and 
of his successors, to the accession of Artaxerxes, page 573. 
The account of the expedition against Greece may be de- 
ferred until its proper place is reached in Greek history. 


56 GUIDESTORIHE 


GREECE.—With the history of this country it is neces- 
sary tospend much more time. Begin by reading the whole 
of Section I.—‘ Greek History to the Death of 
Alexander the Great ’’— volume XI., pages 
89-105. For collateral reading, see the follow- 
ing articles: Troy, XXI]11.53; Lycurguseaaye 
95; Sparta, XXII. 36903, Greek Games, xX, 67 
studying the history of Attica, XI. 95, refer to the article 
Athens, III. 1, and read with particular care the descrip- 
tion given of that city by Pausanias, III. 9. Solon’s ac- 
count of his own work, XI. 97, is supplemented by a 
much fuller account in the twenty-second volume of the 
Lritannica, page 253. Here, too, it will be well to read 
the biography of Pisistratus, XIX.130. The events which 
follow the historic battle of Marathon, IX. 99, bring 
prominently forward the great rival statesmen, Aristides, 
IT. «504; and. Ehemistocless XXII. 250/00 heme onus 
the period of Athenian supremacy, XI. roo, and in con- 
nection with it the article on Pericles, XVIII. 529, should 
be read. With the Theban sepremacy, read Epaminon- 
das VIII. 456; and, with the decay of Greek civic life, 
XI. 103, study the excellent article on Demosthenes, 
VEE O 7. 

Turn, now, to the article MACEDONIAN EMPIRE, XV. 
138, and read down to the account of the departure of 
Alexander on his great expedition against Persia. From 
this point, continue the story with the article Alexan- 
der the Great, I. 480.) |The death wot sAlexande came 
- you will learn, was the signal for the breaking up of his 
empire. Ptolemy, one of his generals, established him- 
self) in JEgypt,, VII 7455" Seleucus,) anothenmcencus 
founded a new Persian empire, with its capital at Seleu- 
cia, on the Tigris, XVIII. 58; and Antipater, who had 
been made regent of Macedonia, maintained the integrity 


Greece. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 57 


of Greece, XV. 144. We need not follow now the his- 
tory of these fragments of Alexander’s great empire— 
their wars with one another, and their internal dissensions. 
A new empire was about to arise which should overpower 
them all. 

ROME.—The article under this heading, XX. 731-837, 

embraces a complete and very interesting sur- 

Roman vey of the history of the Eternal City from its 

History. foundation in legendary times to the year 1870. 

Read, as a beginning, the first sixteen pages of 
the article, to the section entitled, “Rome and the Medi- 
terranean States.”’ Numerous collateral references present 
themselves, but, if your time is limited, they may be omit- 
ted, and the reading of the principal article may be con- 
tinued. The story becomes very interesting now, and you 
need not be told to read it carefully. The second Punic 
War brings to our notice HANNIBAL, XI. 441, and the 
elder SCIPIO, XXI. 466. _In connection with the third 
Punic War we shall read of the younger Scipio, XXI. 
468, and of Cato the Censor, V. 239. Other collateral 
readings will include: Marius, XV. 549; Sulla, XXIII. 
Deo Giccrowsy ae7707nCataline,. V2, 338°: Pompey, X EX. 
HeOceand |ulius Caesar, 1 V2 633, 

These readings ought to give you a very complete 
knowledge of the history of Rome, in the palmy and he- 
roic days of the Republic, as well as in the period of that 
Republic’s degeneracy. 

The story of the Empire begins on page 769, of the 
twentieth volume; it ends with the downfall of the West- 
ern Empire (A. D. 476), as described on page 781. Let us, 
however, continue our reading with the Eastern Empire, 
until it, too, is ended with the fall of Constantinople, A. D. 
1454. We shall find this part of the story in the article 
GREECE, XI. 110-120. On the thread of these two articles 


58 GUIDE TO THE 


the following biographies, each in its proper place, may 
be strung: 

Augustus, III. 79; Tiberius, XXIII. 335; Neto; Vii 
347; Trajan, XXII 502; Hadrian, XI) 363-5 Comimouns. 
VI. 207; Constantine, VI. 298; Justinian, XIII. 792. 

For further collateral reading, add the following arti- 
cles: Goths, X. 846; Vandals, XXIV. 58; Attila, III. 61: 

This course of reading embraces in the aggregate about 
150 pages of the 4riztannica. By reading an hour or so 
regularly every evening, one may complete it in 
a short time; and there is no doubt but that 
the reader will obtain from it a far more satisfac- 
tory view of ancient history than can be gained 
from any of the so-called ‘“ Universal Histories.” The rea- 
son is obvious: Here the subject is presented as ina paint- 
ing, with a distinct background, and the foreground ap- 
propriately filled with lifelike figures. It is no mere 
catalogue of events that you have been studying; it is 
history itself. 


Conclusion. 


III. MODERN HISTORY. 


The Mohammedan Empire.—The first part of the article, 
MOHAMMEDANISM, XVI. 545, relates the story of Mo- 
hammed and the first four caliphs. Read this part care- 

fully. Then proceed to the second part, XVI. 
The Arab 505, which gives an account of Moslem con- 
Conquest. quest and dominion down to the capture of 

Baghdad by Jenghis Khan, A. D. 1258. The 
most important event for us during this latter period is 
the conquest of Spain, a full account of which may be 
found in the article SPAIN, XXII. 312-315. 

Continental Europe from A.D. 476 to A. D. 1454.—The 
period of ten centuries which intervened between the fall 
of the Western Empire and the capture of Constantinople 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 59 


by the Turks may be briefly studied. The Franks invade 
Gaul, IX. 528; the Goths and Lombards establish them- 
selves in Italy, XIII. 467; the Visigoths gain 


mae control of Spain, XXII. 308; a new empire is 
Middle : : 
Ages, Stablished by CHARLEMAGNE, V. 402. This 


brings us to the year 814. From this point to 
the close of the period only a few events need be noticed: 
The rise of the feudal monarchy in France, IX. 536; the 
Hapsburg dynasty, X. 4g1 and III. 124; the house of 
- Brandenburg in Germany, XX. 4. Now read the account 
of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, 
IX. 545-551. This prepares us for the study of the arti- 
cle on Feudalism, IX. 119, and the various notices of 
CHIVALRY indicated in the Index volume, page 96. 

The chief events of this period are connected with the 
Crusades, which are the subject of an interesting and im- 
portant article, VI. 622. In connection with the above- 
named articles there is room for a good deal of collateral 
reading. Study the following articles: 

Venicerx X1V.-141 > Elorence, 1X. 333; Medici; XV. 
Voc eNapiles; Vv lila1o1;. Hanseatic Leacue, XI.-449; and 
a part of the article on commerce, VI. 199-201. 

From A. D. 1454 to the French Revolution—Among the 
important events of this period were the following: 

The discovery of America, X. 179-192. 

The invention of printing, X XIII. 687. 
Modern The Reformation, XX. 319. | 
Europe. The invention of the steam engine, XXII. 473. 
The study of the history of this period may 
begin with the RENAISSANCE, XX. 380. In connection 
with this study, refer to the historical portion of each of 
the following articles: 

Austria, III. 124-131; Prussia, XX. 1-11; Holland, 

XII. 70-82; France, IX. 552-596. 


60 GUIDE STOSLEE 


see also ltaly;-X TI) 482-25 pai Xk i aa sa, 

The portions of this history which will claim our chief 
attention are: The career of CHARLES V., X. 413; the 
struggle of the Netherlands with Spain, XII. 74-77; the 
Thirty Years War, Jil} 125° [n “connection @witheopess 
read: Wallenstein, XXIV. 328; Gustavus Adolphus, XI. 
333; Louis. XIV., IX. 573-3833 bhilip, Li Seomesean 
VIIT:: 743 ; Catherine de Medici \. 2330s ere ae 
Great, XVIII.-608;. Charles XII) of Swedenjsiyeaa2o, 
Frederick the Great, IX. 735, and Catherine II. of Russia, 
AVE Asse 

From the French Revolution to the Present Time—The 
leading article for the study of this period is that on 

FRANCE from page 596 to page 629, volume 
The XIXth IX. Here you may read (1) of the Revolution, 
Century. page 590; (2) of the Republic, page 604; (3) of 

the Empire, page 615; (4) of the subsequent 
history of France to the close of the presidency of M. 
Grévy. A supplementary article, page 717 sup., brings the 
history of France down to date. In connection with the 
above, read the following biographical sketches: Mira- 
beau, XVI. 492; Marie Antoinette, XV. 540;  Robes- 
pierre, XX: 601;.Danton, VI5.5153. Marat, DoVencam: 

The history of NAPOLEON fills thirty-seven pages of the 
Britannica, XVII. 192. In connection with this article, 
read the following: Josephine, XIII. 751; Talleyrand, 
XXIII. 29; Wellington, XXIV. 493. 

These articles alone will give us the best part of the 
political history of Continental Europe down to the year 
1815. The more important events which have since oc- 
curred outside of France may then be read: 

The liberation oteGteece, eet2n: 

The Crimean war, X XI. 102. 

The unification of Italy, XIII. 466. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 61 


The Austro-Prussian war, X. 502. 

The Franco-Prussian war, X. 503-506. 

And now you will no longer need the help of the GUIDE. 
Almost any information that you may desire can be found 
by turning to the proper heading in the Britannica as in- 
dicated in the Index volume. 

For events that have occurred since 1879, as well as for 
the biographies of men who were living at that time, it is al- 
ways well to consult the American Additions and Revisions. 
_ For example, there is no separate article on Bismarck in 
the main portion of the Lrvztannica, but in the Supple- 
ment, page 289, there is a complete biographical sketch 
andem=the Index volume (page 57): there are references 
to four other articles in which he is mentioned. 


The British Domintons—kLngland.—The historical part 
of the article ENGLAND fills about one hundred pages 
(VIII. 263-367), which may be read at your odd 
Early moments of leisure. If you should wish to be- 
Britain. gin at a still earlier period, turn to the article 
BRITANNIA, IV. 352, where an account is given 
of the ancient Briton and of the occupancy of their coun- 
try by the Romans previous to its conquest by the 
English. 
From these two articles alone you may obtain a good 
practical knowledge of English history. In 
English Connection with them, however, it will be profit- 
Biography. able to read the following briefer articles: 
William the Conqueror, XXIV. 574. 
Richatd Coeur de Lion, XX. 5309. 
Henry VIII., XI. 662. 
Mary. XV 2592: 
ady jane Grey, Xl 193. 
Elizabeth, VIII. 142. 


62 GUIDE TO THE 


Sir Francis Drake, VII. 389. 
Charles I., V. 404. 
Oliver Cromwell, VI. 597. 
William III., XXIV. 578. 
Queen Anne, II. 62. 
Marlborough, XV. 553. 
Lord Chatham, V. 540. 
Charles James Fox, IX. 494. 
William Pitt, XIX. 134. 
Read, also, ARMADA, II. 543, and ENGLISH COSTUMES, 
TVaA0s. 
Scotland. — See an article on SCOTLAND, 
Scottish X XI. 471-520. Read also for the story of 
History. specially important periods in Scottish history, 
the following biographical sketches : 
William Wallace, XXIV. 126. 
Robert Bruce, XX. 592. 
Mary Queen of Scots, XV.594. 
Treland.—The historical part of the article IRELAND, 
XIII. 214-272, is extremely interesting. It includes such 
topics as the following: Legendary history of 
Irish Ireland, page 243; Scottish conquest of Ulster, 
History. page 240; early Irish church, page 248; Anglo- 
Norman invasion, page 258; Cromwell’s cam- 
paign, page 267; James II. in Ireland, page 286; struggle 
for independence, page 270; Fenianism, page 271. 
[ndia.—For a history of the English in India, see article 
INDIA, XII. 796-812. Read, also, the biog- 
British raphies of Robert Clive, VI. 8, and Warren 
Colonies. Hastings, XI. 512. 

Africa.—F¥or an account of the various pos- 
sessions and dependencies in Africa, refer to the Index 
volume, and read what is said in the Britannica with refer- 
ence to each of the several colonies or countries. Study 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 63 


especially the articles on Natal (XVII. 239) and Cape 
Colony (V. 44-49). 

Australia.—F or the history of the exploration and set- 
tlement of this continent, see AUSTRALIA, III. 103-106. 


There still remain inthe /rztannica, hundreds of histori- 
cal and biographical articles which have not been men- 
tioned in this chapter. But you can find them, if need 

be, without the help of a guide. Having been 

Other conducted thus far along the road you will now 

Courses. have no difficulty in making your own way. 

With alittle study and care you may even mark 
out another course of historical reading for yourself; for 
the Britannica contains the materials for very many such 
courses. 


64 GUIDE TO THE 


GHAR GE Raa 


FIVE COURSES OF READING IN THE HISTORY OF LITERA- 
TURE. 


COURSE THE FIRST.—AMERICAN LITERATURE: 


‘* O strange New World, that yet wast never young, 
Whose youth from thee by gripin’ want was wrung, 
Brown foundlin’ o’ the woods, whose baby bed 
Was prowled round by the Injun’s cracklin’ tread, 

An’ who grew’st strong thru’ shifts an’ wants an’ pains, 
Nursed by stern men with empires in their brains !”’ 


LET us begin this study by a review of the history of 
our own literature, for it is in the institutions and produc- 
tions of his own country that the pride and hope of every 
true American should be centered. “The number of 
writers who have acquired some amount of well-founded 
reputation in the United States is startling.” In the 
course of study which we shall here offer, we can do little 
more than refer the student to the Arztannica’s numerous 
biographical sketches of American writers. The special 
article on AMERICAN LITERATURE, I. 718-735, written by 
the late Professor Nichol of Glasgow, is worthy of our care- 
ful attention; and the first two chapters of that article 
should be read by way of introduction to the course which 
we have before us. The first part of the third chapter (I. 
720) will introduce us to colonial literature and the earliest 
American writers. 

Captain John Smith, whose description of Virginia is 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 65 


usually spoken of as the first American book, is the sub- 
ject of a long and interesting article, XXII. 
Colonial 173. But Smith’s book can scarcely be called 
Writers. literature—certainly not in the better sense of 
the term. The first genuine literary work per- 
formed in America was George Sandys’s translation of 
the works of Ovid, made on the banks of the James River, 
and published in 1626. See the article, George Sandys, 
XXI. 262 (also, Ovid, XVIII. 78). Of other early writers 
in America, there are a few whose biographies should be 
studied. Read the lives of the great theologians and con- 
troversialists of colonial New England: 

Roger Williams, XXIV. 586. 

John Cotton, XII. 726. 

John Eliot, the Apostle of the Indians, VIII. 136. 

Cotton Mather, XV. 631. 

Jonathan Edwards, VII. 688. 

Then turn to the articleon Benjamin Franklin, IX. 711. 
This, with the first two columns of Chapter III, on page 
720 of volume I. will complete our study of the Colonial 
Period. 

Concerning the orators, statesmen, and poets who flour- 
ished during the REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD there is much 
to read; and yet of the writings of that period there re- 

mains to us but little that is of permanent liter- 
Statesmen ary value. Read what is said on this subject on 
and Poets. pages 721 and 722 of the first volume of the 
Britannica. Read the articles on 

Patrick Henry, XI. 676. 

Alexander Hamilton, XI. 412. 

Thomas Jefferson, XIII. 613. 

Philip Freneau, the poet, 723 sup. 

John Trumbull, XXIII. 592. 

Joel Barlow, III. 377. 

5 


66 GUIDE TO THE 


Coming now to the literature of the NINETEENTH CEN- 
TURY, let us read first of the great historians: 
George Bancroft, 200 sup. 
Richard Hildreth, 843 sup. 
William H. Prescott, XIX. 702. 
John Lothrop Motley, XVII. 2. 
Francis Parkman, 1198 sup. 
Of the orators: 
Daniel Webster, XXIV. 471. 
Henry Clayavx 317, 
JohnsG.-Calhotni\ 6c: 
Edward Everett, V11I7 26: 
Of writers of fiction and miscellanies: 
Washington Irving, XIII. 372. 
Nathaniel P. Willis, XXIV. 587. 
Novelists, James Fenimore Cooper, VI. 337. 
etc. Charles Brockden Brown, IV. 383. 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, XI. 536 - 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, 849 sup. 
Of essayists and theologians: 
William Ellery Channing, V. 393. 
Essayists, Theodore Parker, XVIII. 300. 
etc. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 644 sup. 
Henry. D. Thoreau; XX Liisi: 
Of poets: 
Henry W. Longfellow, XIV. 860. 
Edgar Allan Poe, XIX. 255. 
William Cullen Bryant, 358 sup. 
James Russell Lowell, 1027 sup. 
John G. Whittier, 1627 sup. 
Walt. Whitman, 1627 sup. 
Read next, Chapter IV. pages 722-734, volume I. 
If the student wishes to continue this course of reading 
so as to include a survey of our more recent literature, 


Historians. 


Orators. 


Poets. 


ENCYCLOPDIA BRITANNICA. 67 


with a study of the lives and works of some of the later 
writers, he can do so without further direction from the 
GUIDE. By consulting the Second part of the In- 
Recent dex volume (pages 501-557), he will be able in 
Literature. most cases to find any name of real prominence 
in American literature. A course of reading pur- 
sued in the manner here indicated cannot fail to impart a 
comprehensive knowledge of the history of our own liter- 
ature. If conducted in connection with the reading of ex- 
tracts from the writers mentioned, its educative value can 
scarcely be overrated. The readings may conclude with 
the “Summary,” I. 734-735. 


COURSE THE SECOND—-ENGLISH LITERATURE. 


See the special article on English literature, VIII. 403. 

This is a long and valuable contribution by 

Eleven Thomas Arnold, and should be read in parts in 

Periods. connection with the following short articles or 
parts of articles: 


I. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD, 590-1006. 


The Venerable Beda, III. 480. 

Caedmon, the first English poet, IV. 630. 
King Alfred, I. 506; VIII. 404. 

fElfric, the Grammarian, I. 182. 


II. ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD, 1066-1215. 


Romances and legends of King Arthur, V. 322; II. 649; 
WAUBE <Toren aD. (ervey 

Layamon (13th century), XIV. 374. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth (12th century), X. 172. 


IYI. THE TRANSITION PERIOD, 1215-1350. 


Matthew Paris (13th century), XV. 633. 
Duns Scotus, VII. 545. 


GUIDES TOmrnE 


Roger Bacon (died 1292), III. 218. 
Ormin’s rhythmic gospels, VIII. 395. 
Robert Manning, XV. 494. 


IV... EARLY, ENGEISH-LETERATURE SI350O—1 77 


John Wickliffe, XXIV. 708. 

John Gower, XI. 21. 

Geoffrey* Chaucer) WV. 4405) Vil eae 

John Lydgate, XV. 97. 

The invention of printing, XI. 336; VIII. 413. 
Gaxton,; the firstprinter,4Ven2 70, vilken 


. THE RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMATION, 1477-1579. 


Sir homas; Morew Nw Vises ic: 

John Skelton, XXIT\ 119. 

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, XXII.694; XXIV. 704. 
sir, Thomas sackville SV 113372. 

Roger Ascham, II. 677. 


VI. THE ELIZABETHAN ERA, 1579-1620. 


sit Bhilipssidney,, ox ia cexs VOU eon 
Edmund Spenser, XXII. 392. 

William Shakespeare, XXI. 737. 

Beng) onson wll ie7Aar 

iret rancis*Bacon, [1 ljs200" eV. Ll leet a 


VII. THE PURITAN PERIOD, 1620-1660. 


Jeremy Taylor, XXIII. 93. 
Edmund Waller, XXIV. 330. 
Abraham Cowley, VI. 532. 
Thomas Hobbes, XII. 31. 

John Milton, XVI. 324; XIX: 267. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 


VIII. PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700. 


John Dryden, VII. 488. 
Samuel Butler, IV. 588; XXI. 3109. 
John Bunyan, IV. 526. 
Honnellocke, eX PV .°751. 


Teel EeeAGE OFS OUREN ANNE SED 7O0-1727. 


Daniel Defoe, VII. 26. 

Joseph Addison, I. 146. 
mulexander-rope, XIX. 481. 
Meanrawitt, XX 1.761 ;*X XI; 320: 


X. THE GEORGIAN ERA, 1727-1800. 


William Cowper, VI. 533. 

Robert Burns, IV. 566. 

Richard Brinsley Sheridan, X XI. 797. 
Samuel Richardson, XX. 543. 
Henny biciding, | X.+142 Xx X1. 320; 
Waurencess eine =X X11. SAT. 
Samuel Johnson, XIII. 719. 

Oliver Goldsmith, X. 760. 

David Hume; XII. 340. 

Edward Gibbon, X. 572. 

William Robertson, XX. 599. 
Bishop Butler, IV. 582; I. 792. 


XI. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 


Sir Walter Scott, XXI. 544. 

Lord Byron, IV. 604; XXI. 320. 

Percy Bysshe Shelley, XXI. 789. 

Robert Southey, XXII. 280. 

William Wordsworth, XXIV. 668; XIX. 271. 
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, VI. 135. 


69 


7O GUOLDES TOS TTI 


JohnskKeats, XLV 222, 

Alfred Tennyson, 1485 sup. 

Robert Browning, 354 sup. 

Charles Dickens, VII. 173. 

William M. Thackeray, XXIII. 214; XXI. 320. 
George Eliot, 529 sup. 


COURSE THE: THIRD-—-ANCIENT, CITERAT URE 


1. Greek Literature.—The article on Greek literature, 
XI. 136, isa comprehensive sketch of the literary develop- 
ment of Greece, showing how its successive 
Greek | periods were related to each other, and marking 
Writers. the dominant characteristics of each. It should 
be read in parts, in connection with the separate 
articles relating to the lives and particular works of Greek 
writers. The study of this literature naturally begins 
with the Homeric hymns and with the two great epics, 
the Jad and the Odyssey. See the article Homer, XII. 
10S te 
After this read the following articles on three great 
poets of ancient Greece: 
Hesiod, XI. 777. 
Simonides, XXII. 83. 
Pindars x1 Xs03: 
This brings us to the GREEK DRAMA. Read the first 
two paragraphs on the Attic Literature, XI. 
The 140; then turn to the article DRAMA, VII. 403, 
Drama. and read the six pages devoted to Greek drama. 
After this take up each of the great dramatists 
separately, the tragedians first: 
fEschylus, I. 208. 
Sophocles, XXII. 271. 
Euripides, VIII. 673. 
Then re-read what is said of GREEK COMEDY, VII. 407, 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 71 


and study the article on the great comic dramatist, Aris- 
tophanes, II. 507. 3 
PROSE WRITERS will next claim our attention, and 
especially the great historians, Herodotus, XI. 
“Tea 756; Xenophon, XXIV. 720, and Thucydides, 
Orators, XXIII. 322. After these makea short study of 
the Greek orators, XI. 142, and especially of 
Demosthenes, VII. 67, and of Isocrates, XIII. 388. 
The Greek philosophers will then come in for brief men- 
tion. Read the biographical portion of each of the fol- 
lowing articles: 
Philoso- Socrates, XXII. 231. 
phers, Plato, XIX. 194. 
Aristotle, II. 510. 

Attention may now be given to the chapter entitled, 
ete LDERATURESOF THE ~ DECADENCE, in XI: 142; 
wherein is given a brief survey of the literary history of 

the Alexandrian and Greco-Roman periods of 

Later intellectual activity. Here a number of inter- 

Writers. esting names present themselves. In the de- 

partment of pastoral poetry, we shall read of 
Theocritus, XXII. 252, and of his disciples and imitators, 
Bion, III. 696, and Moschus, XVI. 855. Inthe field of criti- 
cism we shall learn of Aristarchus, II. 504, whose studies, 
with those of his disciples, gradually formed the basis for 
the science of grammar. In mathematics we find the 
noted name of Euclid, VIII. 655. In prose fiction we 
have Lucian, XV. 42, the inventor of the art of the story- 
writer. In history we have Josephus, the historian of the 
Jewish nation, XIII. 751. In biography, Plutarch stands 
forth preéminent, XIX. 232. In geography appears the 
noted name of Strabo. In rhetoric we have Cassius 
Longinus, XIV. 864, the reputed author of the still 
famous essay on Sublimity. In philosophy are the great 


TD GUIDE TO THE 


names of Epictetus, VIII. 471, and Marcus Aurelius, 
III. 86. 

But it is time to bring these readings in Greek literature 
toaclose. It would of course be easy to extend them 
almost indefinitely, and the student who wishes to do so 
may, by referring to the numerous articles devoted to the 
lives of famous Greek writers, continue it to almost any 
desired length. 

2. Roman Literature—In the department of Roman 
literature we shall take as the basis for our studies the very 
comprehensive and scholarly article on that subject in 
XX. 715-727. This article, which gives a general survey 

of the progress of literature during the different 

First periods of Roman history, should be read in 

Period. sections, with constant reference to the separate 

articles devoted to the lives of the most famous 
Latin writers. In connection with the chapter on the 
first period (from 240 B. Cc. to about 80 B. C.), read the 
account of the ROMAN DRAMA, VII. 409, 412. Then 
study the history of the early Roman dramatists : 

Nevius, XVII. 161 Plautus, XIX. 215. 

Ennius, VIII. 447. Terence, X Xi ar3G 

In connection with the chapter on the second period (80 
B. C. to 42 B. C.), read the following special articles: 

CiCerayvaen 7 Csary LV 36237 

Secon Sallust, XXI. 219. Lucretius, XV. 50. 

Catullus, V. 247. 

With the third period (42 B.C. to 17 A. D.) we enter 

upon the study of the AUGUSTAN AGE OF ROo- 

Third MAN LITERATURE, III. 82-84. Here a noble 

Period. list of names is presented, demanding a special 

study of the following biographical articles : 

Virgil, XXIV. 248. Horace, x Tiere. 

Ovid KVL 73: Livy, XIV. 725. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 73 


During the fourth period, extending for more than a cen- 
tury (17 A. D. to 130 A. D.), Roman literature continues to 
flow in the old channels, but there is a manifest 
Fourth deterioration in almost every department of lit- 
Period. erary effort. And yet among the dramatists we 
have Persius X VIII. 661 and Juvenal XIII. 804; 
among historians, Tacitus, XXIII. 19; among philoso- 
phers, Seneca, X XI. 658; among rhetoricians, Quintilian, 
XX. 187; and among poets, Martial, XV. 577, and Statius, 
XXII. 466. ‘The last writer who combines genius with 
something of national spirit, is the poet Claudian, V. 815, 
who wrote his epics under the immediate inspiring influ- 
ence of a great national crisis and a national hero.”” After 
him there is perhaps only one Latin writer whose life and 
works are deserving of study in this connection. That 
writer is Boetius, III. 855, who lived in the fifth century 
of our era, and who is described by Gibbon as “ the last of 
the Romans whom Cato or Tully could have acknowledged 
for their countryman.” 


COURSE THE FOURTH—FOURTEEN GREAT LITERATURES. 


1. Hebrew.—XI. 597. The Bible III. 634-641; Early 
Israelitish literature, XIII. 408; the Talmud, XXIII. 35; 
the Midrash, XVI. 285; the Mishnah, XVI. 502. 

2. Sanskrit.—X XI. 273-286. 

3. Perstan.— XVIII. 655. 

4. Greek.—XI. 136. Homer, XII. 108; Xenophon, 
XXIV. 720; Demosthenes, VII. 67. 

5. Roman.—XX. 715-727. Cesar, 1V. 633; Cicero, V. 
PaO ee Ucistanencges lil S2- Virol) lV. 2438 2 Ovid 
Dv bli ac Wives Vi7 25% 

6. Chinese.—V. 653. 

7. French.—IX. 637. Rabelais, XX. 193; Montaigne, 
Pave Oe BCOMMecllicw lal ashascal, ox Vill 33 FEN o- 


74 GUIDE TO THE 


liere, XVI. 624; La Fontaine, XIV. 203 3"7Racitemee. 
203; Boileau, III. 863 ; Bossuet, IV. 70; Voltaire, XXIV. 
285; Rousseau, XXI. 23% Hugo, 1X, 6765 Cousin. 
5213 Guizot, XI. 268; Dumas, VII 5215 Georreteauas 
VII. 507. 

8. German.—X. 522. Luther XV. 71; Arndt, II. 622; 
Wieland, XXIV. 558; Lessing, XIV. 4733 Herder 
727; Goethe; X. 721; Schiller, XX 305s Novato 
472; Hegel, XL 612; Heine, -X1. 6253 Pauls iieycou 
545; Spielhagen, X. 545; Fritz Reuter, XX. 494; Auer- 
bach, 169 sup.; Freytag, X. 545. 

9. [talian.— XIII. 498. Dante, VI. 809; Petrarch, 
XVIII. 706; Boccaccio, ITI. 842; Ariosto; iy sG2 eee. 
Etisal FOZ se atcuculeAO4isn pe 

10. Spanish—XXII. 252. Lope de Vega, XXIV. 121; 
Gervantes;.V.4347., Calderon, 1 Ve.G50: 

11, Ausstan.—XXI. 102. “Turgeniefi, X Xl Tee 
stoi, 1495 sup.; Gogol, X. 738. 

12. Swedish. XXII. 753. Tegner, XXIII.110; Fred- 
erika Bremer, 1V. 256; Runébéroy XxX X60" lope ts 
XXII. 758; Rydberg, 1368 sup. 

13. Morwegian.—XVII. 589. Bjérnstjerne Bjérnson, 
290 .sup.;. Henrik Ibsen, -879 sup.4 Asbjornsensears- 
sup. 

14. Danish—VII. 89. Ochlenschlager, XVII. 730; 
Hans Christian Andersen, 102 sup. 


COURSE THE FIFTH—FIFTY GREAT BOOKS. 


The BibleslilsG3n. 

The Vedas, II. 698; Rig-Veda, XII. 780. 
The Koran, XVI. 597. 

Maha-Bharata, X XI. 281. 

Ramayana, XXI. 280. 

Shah-Nameh, XVIII, 656; IX. 225. 


ENCYCLO PAXDIA BRITANNICA. 


Zend Avesta, XXIV. 775. 

Homer’s Iliad, XII. 117. 

Homer’s Odyssey, XII. 119. 
Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics, I. 215; XIX. 349. 
Demosthenes on the Crown, VII. 71. 
fEschylus’s Tragedies, I. 209. 
Sophocles’s Oedipus, XXII. 272. 
Euripides’s Medea, VIII. 675. 
Aristophanes, The Knights, II. 508. 
Herodotus, XI 756. 

Xenophon’s Anabasis, I. 787. 

Cicero’s Orations, XX. 514; V. 770. 
Virgil’s Aineid, XXIV. 253. 
itestddasmv LIeG495 4 X11s 201. 
Nibelungen Lied, XVII. 474. 

Gesta Romanorum, X. 555. 

Arabian Nights, XXIII. 316. 

Lucian’s “ True History,” XV. 43. 
Dante’s Divina Commedia, VI. 815. 
Spenser’s Faerie Queene, XXII. 394. 
Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, II. 503. 
Shakespeare’s Tragedies, VII. 430. 
Bacon’s Novum Organum, III. 210. 
Milton’s Paradise Lost, XVI. 336-3309. 
Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, IV. 529. 
Gibbon’s Decline and Fall, X. 578. 
Mill’s Logic, XVI. 312. 

Darwin’s Origin of Species, XXIV. 77. 
Smith’s Wealth of Nations, XIX. 366. 
Locke On the Human Understanding, VIII. 423. 
Hooker’s Ecclesiastical Polity, XII. 151. 
DOMmGUL<OLe, 3 Vs035 2. 

Gil Blas, XIV. 472. 

Robinson Crusoe, VII. 28. 


ii 


76 GUIDE TO THE 


Gulliver’s Travels, XXII. 766. 

Vicar of Wakefield, X. 672. 

Boswell’s Johnson, IV. 77. 

Voltaire’s Zadig, XXIV. 285. 
Goethe’s Faust, X. 539. 

Wilhelm Meister, X. 732. 

Waverley Novels, VIII. 434. 
Corinne, XXII. 441. 

Les Miserables, 866 sup. 

Emerson’s Essays, 644 sup. 

Vanity Pairs Ghackeray ex % lis: 
David Copperfield, Dickens, VII. 177. 


COURSE THE SIXTH—GENERAL VIEW OF THE SUBJECT 
(FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS). 


Prose Literature.-—Let us begin our general study of 
prose literature by reading the article on History, XII. 
19. Numerous collateral and additional references relat- 
ing tothe same subject will suggest themselves, and should 
be traced out and studied. Among these are the follow- 
lowing: Influence of history upon the development of 
culture, II. 121; relation of history to evolution, VIII. 
759; the philosophy of history, XVIII. 796; relation of 
history to archzology, II. 334, etc. Following the read- 
ing of these, we may make a brief study of the distinctive 
features of the works of certain great historians. For ex- 
ample, read what is said of Herodotus, XI. 758; of Thu- 
cydides, XXIII. 325 ; of Livy, XIV 10726 | of Sallust eee 
219; of Tacitus, XXIII. 20; of Villehardouin, XXIV. 229; 
of Robertson, XX. 599; of Hallam, XI. 393; of Macau- 
1ay,cX Vaal oo! 

Fiction.—Read the special article on Romance, XX. 632; 
also the article by Andrew Lang, entitled, TALES, XXIII. 
27. Let this be followed by a study of the romance lit- 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 1 fff 


erature of different countries. Observe what is said of 
PaeneneramMance sn W003 ormOlmureriian,s\, 527.3 
of Spanish, XXII. 354; of Arabian, XXIII. 5; 
of Persian, XVIII. 657. As to romanticism in 
English literature, see XX. 857. The influ- 
ence of romanticism upon French literature is described 
in IX. 675; and upon German literature, in X. 541. 

The Drama.—Read the very comprehensive article on 
the drama, VII. 391. Study about the drama in the time 
Obsohakespeate, 2x L750 ,, about the Greek 
Gramiawn Lerioe abouts ties irencnmramas Xe 
644; about the Spanish drama, XXII. 356; 
about the miracle-plays, V. 324. Read the spe- 
cial article on the theatre, X XIII. 222. 

Poetry.—The scholarly article on Poetry, XIX. 256-273, 
is worthy of careful study. It would be well to 
read it by paragraphs, making reference in the 
meanwhile to additional articles on the lives 
and works of the great poets therein mentioned. 
Read Wordsworth’s theory of poetry, XXIV. 670. See 
what is said of poetry as a fine art, IX. 207. 

Sattre.—Read the article on satire, X XI. 
317. Study the lives and works of the great 
modern satirists: Rabelais, XX. 193; Voltaire, 
DOU LV e255) Weal owiltew Ns Ll e701 eb hacke- 
faye LSTA y etc: 

Supplementary.—This course of reading may now be 
supplemented and brought to a close by the study of the 
two important articles on books, XVIII. 144, and libra- 
Pies, GU 500; 

For libraries in the United States, see page 993 sup. 
An interesting account of the Library of Congress is given 
in the article beginning on page 1557 sup. 


Ficton. 


Drama. 


Poetry. 


Satire. 


78 GUIDES O> lh 


Opera We desks MALE 


READINGS IN PHILOLOGY”~ AND THE HisTORYS GaGa 
GUAGE. 


‘‘ They have been at a great feast of languages.’’—Love’s Labour’s Lost. 


PHILOLOGY is that branch of knowledge which deals 
with human speech, and with all that speech discloses as 
to the nature and history of man. In the following 
courses of reading it is proposed to give a general survey 
of the principal languages of the world, their history and 
the distinguishing characteristics of each. These courses 
may be considered as either prefatory or supplementary 
to the courses already indicated for readings in the his- 
tory of literature. <A fairly good knowledge of general 
history, such as may be acquired from the readings desig- 
nated in Chapter VI. of this volume, will add very much 
to your ability to appreciate and fully understand the 
courses which follow. 


COURSE, NO; 13 


Begin with the article PHILOLOGY, XVIII. 765, and 
read carefully that part which relates to the science of 
language in general, pp. 765-778. This will 
give a general view of the subject, and prepare 
you for the more specific study of particular 
languages. The following articles or parts of 
articles may then be read: 

History of language (article ANTHROPOLOGY), II. 117. 


Philology. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 79 


Theories of evolution with respect to language, VIII. 
760. 

Language and ethnology, VIII. 621. 

Language and thought, XX. 751. 

Language and mythology, XVII. 137. 

ARYAN LANGUAGES, II. 697 and XVIII. 778 a. Tothis 
family of languages belong ten groups or sub-families, as 
follows : 

1. Sauskrit.—X XI. 269; XI. 841. 

Aryan 2. Lrantan.— XVIII. 134. 

Languages... 3. Armenian.—ll. 540. 

4. Greek.—XI. 126. See also Greek litera- 
ture; and learn about the Romaic dialects which origin- 
Siedanecierareek, \UaTss. 

5. Allanian.— XVIII. 784. 

6. /taltc.—This group includes the Latin language, for 
a full history of which see XIV. 327. From the Latin 
have sprung the Romance languages, which are the sub- 
ject of a valuable article in XX. 661. The great modern 
Romance languages are each treated in a separate article 
as follows: 

(1) Italian, XIII. 491; XIV. 340. 

(2) Spanish, XXII. 346. 

(3) Portuguese, XIX. 555. 

(4) Provengal, XIX. 867. 

foie Hrenci.«1X.-020. 

(6) Ladino, XIII. 492. 

(7) Roumanian, XXIV. 269. 

7. Celttc—This group of languages is treated very 
Digclvein XV LI 785, and more fullyain> V~ 207. 

(1) The Gaelic language, which isa branch of the Celtic, 
is the subject of a separate articlein X.6. Other branches 
are treated as follows: 


(2) Irish, V. 208. 


$0 GUIDE TO THE 


(3) Armoric, V. 324. 

(4) Cornish (dialect), V. 298. 

(S)eWelshyeVe20ose14: 

8. Germanic or Teutonic-—This great sub-family com- 
prises two groups, known as the Eastern Germanic and 
Western Germanic languages. In the former group be- 
long the Gothic language, X. 852, and the Scandinavian 
branch, XXI. 366. Of the Scandinavian languages there 
are two subdivisions: (1) the Eastern Scandinavian, which 
comprises, 

Swedish, XXI. 370. 

Danishy VII so,andsocl27 3 
and (2) the Western Scandinavian, which comprises, 

Norwegian, XXI. 369. 

Icelandic, XI1-627;: 

The Western Germanic languages are each treated in 
a separate article: 

(He bnelisha vil Ligeoa 

(2) Frisian, IX. 788. 

(3) German, X. 514. 

(4) 2Dutcheechiaes: 

g. Laltic.—This group embraces three unimportant 
groups, the first of which, Prussian, is now extinct (see 
XVIII. 785). The other two are the Lithuanian, XXII. 
148, and the Lettish, briefly referred to in VII. 188, and 
DME 7a; 

10. Slavonic—X XII. 147. Of this group there are two 
divisions, the Southern and the Western. The former in- 
cludes the following languages: 

(1) Russian, XXI. 109. 

(2) Ruthenian, XIX. 309. 

(3) Bulgarian, XXII. 149. 

(4) Servian, XVIII. 544; XXII. 150. 

(5) Slovenish, XXII. 150. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. SI 


The latter, or Western division includes, 

(1) Bohemian, XXII. 151. 

(2)) Polish; XVIIT.-785; XXII. 150. 

The GUIDE has presented above a brief outline for the 
study of the Aryan families of languages. The student 
who follows this course of reading carefully will have ac- 
quired no small knowledge of the science of philology, 
and he will be prepared, by way of review, to study the 
second part of the article on that subject, XVIII. 781-790. 


COURSE, NO. II. 


A second and shorter course of study in philology might 
include the Semitic family of languages. To this family 
belong : 

(1) The Hebrew language, XI. 594. 
Semitic Pehesbncenicianw s&s 041: 
Languages. (3) The Assyrian, III. 192. 
fe bhersytiac.11:.307. 

(5) The Arabic, X. 595. 

(6) The Abyssinian, XVI. 654. 

By way of supplementing this course, a short time may 
be spent in tracing the history and peculiarities of the 
third great family of languages, the Hamitic (see XVIII. 
778). ere we have: 

(1) The Egyptian language, VII. 721. 

(2) The Lybian languages, XVIII. 778. 

(3) The Ethiopic languages, I. 263. 

A great many other languages and dialects receive no- 
tice in the Aritannica. Not only students of philology 

but many curious readers will be pleased to 

ad learn something about the language of the Gip- 

Biidies ae sics; \.-013; that/of the Papuans, XVIIT-231 ; 

that of the Hottentots, II. 312; or that of the 

Kurds, XIV. 157. But we need enumerate no further. 
6 


82 GUIDE TO THE 


We have conducted the student to a point whence he will 
now be able to proceed in his researches without the help 
of a guide. 
Here are a few subjects of general interest which it is 
well to know about: 
Grammar, XI. 37. 
Of General Dictionaries, VII. 179. 
Interest. Americanisms, 92 sup. 
Slang, American specimens of, 1434 sup. 
See now the references in the chapter on Zhe History 
of Literature in this volume (pp. 65-78) ; also those in the 
chapter entitled Zhe Writer (page 255). 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 83 


Clabmae ale IDG 
READINGS IN ASTRONOMY. 


‘« And let my lamp at midnight hour 
Be seen in some high lonely tower, 
Where I may oft outwatch the Bear 
With thrice great Hermes; or unsphere 
The Spirit of Plato, to unfold 
What world or what vast regions hold 
The immortal mind.’’ 
—John Milton. 


THERE are two classes of persons who will be helped 
by the courses of scientific reading proposed in this chap- 
ter, and in those which follow: (1). The young man or 
young woman who is attempting to pursue some method 
of self-instruction at home, and is not yet prepared to 
grapple with the most difficult problems of science. (2). 

The student who is already well started on the 
wc arse way, and is anxious to extend and supplement 
Bete i the information which he has acquired from 

teachers and text-books, until he shall have 
gotten down to the very bottom of the subjects which 
he is studying. The first class will, as a general rule, be 
profited most by the shorter and more popular articles in 
the Britannica, the second will often find in the special 
and more technical articles just that kind of thorough- 
ness and comprehensiveness which scholars admire and 
desire, and from which they alone are able to derive the 
greatest benefit. It is here that the superiority of the 


84 GUIDE? 10, THE 


Britannica over every other work of reference is most 
apparent—it has articles adapted to the needs and com- 
prehension of every class of readers. 

The following readings in astronomy are intended for 
students who have attained to some proficiency in the 
science; and yet an effort has been made to meet the 
wants of the self-taught home student as well as those of 
the specialist and the scholar. 

The home student should read the historical portion of 
the article on ASTRONOMY, beginning on page 744 of vol- 
ume II., and ending on page 763. He will find this chap- 

ter quite comprehensive, including nearly ten 
ra pages of the Ariztannica, and giving an account 
Astronomy, Of the progress of astronomical science from 
the earliest ages down to the present time. 
The college student will find the entire article on astron- 
omy (sixty pages in all), II. 744, to be more complete 
and satisfactory than most school text-books on the sub- 
ject. The fact that 1t was written by Prof. R7-Atbroc 
tor, the most famous of our later astronomers, is sufficient 
guarantee of its accuracy. The supplementary article, 
beginning on page I61 sup., brings everything down to 
the present time. 

Still pursuing the study of the history of this subject, 
read the entertaining article on ASTROLOGY, II. 738, and 
see what is said of astronomy in Arabia, II. 264. After 

that, read the biographies of the most famous 
Astrono- astronomers, ancient and modern: of Thales, 
mers. XAT. 217; of Aristarchus, ll (64 Sots 
parchus; XI; 851+ sof Ptolemy, eX Xa 7. 
Copernicus, VI. 346; of Galileo, X. 30; of Tycho Brahe, 
IV. 200; of the Herschels, XI. 765,768); of JohniKepier 
XIVs-45; of Laplace, XIV. 3301 sof Richards eneceior 
1289 sup. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 85 


You are now prepared to enter upon the study of de- 
scriptive Astronomy. Begin with the SOLAR SYSTEM, and 
read what Professor Proctor says of the sun in II. 768; 

then turn to J. Norman Lockyer’s scholarly ar- 
The Solar ticle on the same subject, XXII. 645. The 
System. nebular theory of the origin of the sun and 
planets will next claim your attention; and of 
this you will find, in X VII. 310, a full exposition and discus- 
sion by Dr. R. S. Ball, the distinguished Irish astronomer. 

And now, before proceeding farther, it will be interest- 
ing to notice some curious facts concerning the manner 

in which people of all ages and different nation- 

Sun alities have regarded the sun. Among other 
Worship. things, we shall learn how it was worshipped by 

the Sabzans, XXIV. 741; by the Pheenicians, 
XVIII. 802; by the Greeks, II. 185; and by the ancient 
Peruvians, I. 697. Read what is said of solar myths, 
Pui XV 777 a,c also the myth of, Phethon 
Poveluimaz27e0thatior Adonis, 1. 153 ; and that of Apollo, 
II. 185. Festivals to the sun were held at Heliopolis, 
see XIX. g1, and also in Japan, XIX. 92; and one of 
the most famous temples in the world was that of the sun 
Atebaalpec, seer lily 177, 

Resuming the subject of descriptive astronomy, and the 
study of the solar system, read next of THE PLANETS in 
their order: 

DreLCULY a Lime, 7 7e8 ViCNUSe Lie7o2, 9 LV Sole NV LL Is 

240, and II. 754 and 796; the place of the Earth 

The in the solar system, II. 766, and X. 214; Mars, 

Planets. XIV. 46, and II. 776, 796; the Asteroids, II. 

736, 806; Jupiter, XVI. 250 and II. 782, 808; 
Ditdicmliees 5 > oN l.87O7~ andell, 752) Neptune. ALVe 
487, and II]. 782, 813. Olbers’s theory of the origin of the 
asteroids is given ina brief biographical article on that 


86 GUIDE TO THE 


great German astronomer, XVII. 752; and the most re- 
cent facts concerning those interesting bodies are stated 
in the American Additions, page 159 sup. 

The article on the MOON, XVI. 708, next claims atten- 

tion. The moon is also described in II. 774, 782. 

The For its motion, see XI. 74; for its phases, II. 

Moon. 797; for its influence on the tides, XXIII. 353- 

356, 365, 368; forits influence on atmospheric 
pressure, XVI. 124. The legends and myths of the moon 
are duly noticed in XI. 680 and XVII. 157. 

Many interesting things are told about ECLIPSES. For 
the nature and causes of eclipses, see II. 788 
and 802; turn also to XIV. 581 and XXII. 650. 
Some historical facts with relation to the obser- 
vation of these phenomena are interesting. 
The Chinese have very ancient records of such observa- 
tions, see II. 745. The Assyrians also kept similar re- 
cords Lili: 

Read what is said about COMETS, II. 813. The article 
on this subject, VI. 182, belongs to mathematical astron- 
omy. Notice Kepler's theories), X1V>9474) beverricm.: 
XIV. 486; and Olbersiss XVII5 75 2meeecens 
observations on comets are described on page 
162 sup., and an account of the most recent ap- 
pearances of comets is given on page 1395 sup. 
For Biela’s*comet, see VI. 102, "ands uy Ut tee 
count of the appearance of twin comets may be found 
Ha Qi ad Bhs WE be 

In the article on METEORS, XVI. 106, there is much 
interesting information. Meteorites, or “ falling stars,” 
are noticed in XVI. 112, with the theories regarding their 
origin, etc.) See ‘also AEROLITE a) tod, 

Passing now beyond the solar system, read first that 
portion of the article on astronomy, which refers particu- 


Eclipses, 


Comets. 


ENCYCLOPZDIA BRITANNICA. 87 


larly to the fixed stars, II. 744, 823. For the classifica- 

tion of these stars, with reference to magnitude, 

The Fixed turn to XVIII. 840. An interesting notice of 

Stars. new and variable stars is given in XXII. 651. 

For the measurements of the stars, see XVI. 

250; and for their spectroscopic analysis, see X. 215, and 
XXII. 651. 

Among other subjects which are of interest to students 
of astronomy, we may mention the following: 

The Zodiac, XXII. 791. 

The Zodiacal Light, XXIV. 796. 

The Galaxy (Milky Way), 732 sup. 

Corona, VI. 428. 

Celestial Photometry, XVIII. 840. 

If you would acquire a knowledge of astronomical in- 
struments, read the valuable articles on the telescope, 
XXIII. 135, and 1481 sup.; also that on the transit cir- 

Clee Lic is, .pthe: noticesof thenmicrometer; 
fees Dev Ie 242 cietne sextant. XX1,.724-Wor the 
tedden astLOldpey sol. sce also the description of 

Pond’s astronomical instruments, XIX. 452, and 
of Roemer’s, XX. 620. 

Read of the famous American telescope-maker, Alvan 
G. Clark, 472, sup., and of: the most important Ameri- 
can observatories, 1157 sup. 

In connection with the study of Astronomy, we very 
naturally think of almanacs and calendars. The &ritan- 
nica gives a good deal of information concerning both of 
these. The article on the ALMANAC, I. 590, is 
especially interesting. So, too, is that on the 
CALENDAR, IV. 664. The different calendars 
that have been, or are still in use, are each fully 
described : 

heetioyptian,.V Ll. .7238, 


Almanacs. 


88 GUIDE TO THE 


The Hebrew, IV. 677. 

The Mahometan, IV. 679. 

bbe: Burmese, any a5 5 52 

ne Siamese, anol ara oa. 

ThesGrecorians say 207 

The famous Mexican Calendar Stone, I. 695. 

The peculiar terms used in almanacs and calendars are 
also explained, as: 

Chronological eras or epochs, IV. 681; V. 711. 

PepactelVieeO 7a: 

Dominical letter, IV. 660, etc. 

The various methods of measuring time are described 
ie LS O2: 

Difference between mean time and sidereal time, VI. 14. 

Equation of time in astronomy, II. 772. 

Whimepieces, VilSr3 Xx Ch 304. 

Sun-Cidisvav leis 3. 

Clocks eV li 1 3sandassassup, 

Watches XXIV. 394. 

Standard time, XII. 854. 


ENCYCLOP2DIA BRITANNICA. 89 


GEAR EE Res Xs 
READINGS IN ZOOLOGY. 


‘‘T used to believe a great deal more in opportunities and less in ap- 
plication than Ido now. Time and health are needed, but with these 
there are always opportunities. Rich people have a fancy for spending 
money very uselessly on their culture, because it seems to them more 
valuable when it has been costly ; but the truth is, that by the blessing 
of good and cheap literature, intellectual light has become almost as ac- 
cessible as daylight.’’—PAzlip Gilbert Hamerton. 


THE amount and variety of information which the 47z- 
tannica offers on all subjects connected with the natural 
sciences is truly wonderful. The articles on 
Three Zodlogy, or animal life, are very numerous— 
Courses. some of them brief, descriptive paragraphs, in- 
structive and interesting to every reader, others 
exhaustive treatises designed for the study of specialists. 
The vast range of such subjects can perhaps best be illus- 
trated by reference to the following schemes for courses 
of reading in this science. The first two are of a popular 
character, and are believed to be not too difficult for the 
home student or amateur zoGlogist ; the third is more purely 
scientific, and will be appreciated only by those who have 
already made considerable progress in the study, and are 
able to understand its technical difficulties. 


fi; HISTORICAL, COURSE. 


In volume XXIV., beginning on page 799 and extend- 
ing to page 803, the history of the science of zodlogy is 


90 GUIPE TO THE 


treated in a manner which appeals to the interest of 
every person who cares to acquaint himself 


sac ee with the progress of scientific ideas. After 
Oo € : é : 
Science, Yeading this, the student will naturally turn to 


the biographical sketches of the great men who 
have contributed most to our knowledge of this subject. 
The following articles will be especially interesting and 
instructive : 
Aristotle, the most famous of the ancient 
Biog- | writers on this subject, II. 510. 
raphies. Edward Wotton, the first English zodlogist 
(1492-1555), XXIV. 803. 
William Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the 
blood (1578-1658), XI. 502. 
Conrad Gesner, the eminent Swiss naturalist of the 
XVIth century, X. 554. 
John Ray, “ the father of modern zodlogy ” (1628-1705), 
XX. 300. , 
Carl Linnzus, “the Adam of zodlogical science,” XIV. 
OF. 
Comte de Buffon, the first great popularizer of natural 
history, IV. 444. | 
Baron Cuvier, the eminent French naturalist, VI. 740. 
Charles Darwin, the great leader of evolutionary biology, 
542 sup. 
Ernst Haeckel, the famous German disciple of the doc- 
trine of evolution, XX. 422; also 808 sup. 
Alfred Russell Wallace, author of “The Geographical 
Distribution of Animals,” 1609 sup. 
Albrecht von Haller, the Swiss physiologist, XI. 396. 
Johannes Miller, the German anatomist, XVII. 17. 
Jean Baptiste Lamarck, originator of the theory of 
evolution, XIV. 231. 
Louis Agassiz, the great Swiss-American scientist, I. 274. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. gl 


Thomas Henry Huxley, the English naturalist, XII. 
874. sup. 

Ernst von Baer, founder of the science of embryology, 
XXIV. 807. 

Sir Richard Owen, the foremost of the disciples of 
Cuvier, 1184 sup. 

John Vaughan Thompson, the great authority on ma- 
rine invertebrata, XXIV. 808. 

Theodore Schwann, inventor of the cell theory, X XI. 460. 

John James Audubon, the greatest of ornithologists, 
III. 7o. 

Alexander Wilson, the Scottish-American ornithologist, 
XXIV. 590. 


II. POPULAR READINGS ABOUT ANIMALS. 


As an introduction to these readings it will be interest- 
ing to notice the historical paragraphs in the 
article on ZOOLOGY, XXIV. 799-803. Read also 
the first section of the article on MAMMALIA, 
XV. 347, and the last section of the same ar- 
ticle, XV. 444. 

Many things in the article on Anthropology, II. 107- 
123, are both curious and interesting, but for the present 
the reader’s attention is directed only to the section on the 
Origin of Man, page 110, and that on the Races of Man- 
kind, page III. 

The article on the APE, II. 148-169, by Professor St. 
George Mivart, is a complete popular and scientific de- 
scription of the various families and groups of monkeys. 
The general reader will be interested in the first section, 
page 148-155, and also in the concluding sections relating 
to the geographical distribution, etc., of apes. 

The ELEPHANT is the subject of an important article, 
VIII. 122. His prehistoric relatives or progenitors are 


Mammaiia. 
. 


92 GUIDE TO THE 


also appropriately described: the Mammoth, XV. 447; 
the Mastodon, XV. 622; and the Megatherium, XV. 8209. . 

Perhaps the most interesting of all domestic animals is 
the CAMEL. See the general article, IV. 735, and also the 
section on the camel in Arabia, II. 242. 

Interesting articles—historical and descriptive, and illus- 
trated—are those on the Dog, VII. 324; and the Cat, V. 202. 

Carnivorous animals are represented by the Tiger, 
XXIII. 385 ; the Lion, XIV.679; and the Hyena, XII. 420. 

Some curious animals are: the Beaver, III. 475; the 
Chameleon, V. 381; the Chamois, V. 384; the Sloth, 
XXII. 161; the Ichneumon, XII. 629. 

Of the long and very comprehensive article on BIRDS, 
III. 699, the general reader will select the following chap- 
ters as the most interesting: Fossil birds, III. 
728; migration of birds, III. 765; birds’ eggs, 
Ill: 772. The different, classes “of birdswane 
variously represented and described in a large 
number of separate articles. For the present it is un- 
necessary to call attention to any of these articles further 
than to say that no popular course of reading should omit 
the Ostrich, XVITI.-62= the Rheay-xX toy eiues acta 
VII. 589; the Raven, XX.295; the Hummingbird i 
357; and the Albatross, I. 449. The Dopo, that won- 
derful bird which has but lately become extinct, is the 
subject of an interesting sketch, VII. 321. 

A general study of fishes, such as is contemplated in 
this course, should include a glance at the special ar- 
ticle, XII. 630, and also a portion of the chapter on fish- 
culture, XIX? 126. ~The article on -ANcriInG 
II. 32, will be read and enjoyed by every fisher- 
man. Among the multitude of similar articles, 
the following on food fishes should not be omit- 
ted: Mackerel, 2OV. 150; :blérring, Xa 7o7e Gog 


Birds. 


Fishes. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 93 


103);;5ardine, X XI) 307. Fossil fishes are: noticed in I. 
275, and poisonous fishes in XV. 782. 

As to reptiles, read the following: Distribu- 
tion of reptiles in time, XX. 465; Rattlesnake, 
pono? eC ODtaw.le O05 + J\sp, 11-7144, Groco- 
clilere Vatees 2 llizaTd a LV 7 32. 

Concerning CRUSTACEA. there is a valuable article in 
VI. 632; but our popular course will include only the 
chapters relating to the Crab, VI. 538, and the Lobster, 
IOI5 sup. 

Ocean life is noticed in an interesting way in the Amer- 

ican revisions, page 1159 sup.; and the reader 

Ocean will not pass by the articles on the Whale, 

Eicmee XLV 230 the.Walrus, X XLV.337, the Dol- 
phin, VII. 346; and the Seal, XXI. 580. 

The above lists include only a very small proportion 
of the articles on animals. These are sufficient, however, 
to indicate the great variety of interesting and practical 
information on zodlogical subjects contained in the pages 
of the Britannica. 

This course of reading might be extended indefinitely 
until it should embrace many hundreds of subjects, and 
require half a lifetime for its completion. The purpose of 
the GUIDE, however, has been not to present an exhaus- 
tive course, but only to indicate that which may be com- 
pleted easily by the amateur student within a compara- 
tively brief period of time. A still briefer and much 
easier course is indicated in Chapter IV. of this volume. 


Reptiles, 


ile OUPEFLEMENTARY, COURSE FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS, 


The principal articles on zodlogical subjects, written by 
specialists and embodying all the latest discoveries, are 
particularly valuable to advanced students. They are re- 
markable alike for their comprehensiveness and their ac- 


94 GUIDE TO THE 


curacy. Taken together, they would form a complete 
library of zodlogy in themselves. 

After reading the history of the science as it is related 
in XXIV. 799-803, together with the biographical sketches 

indicated in Course I. above, the student will be 

Classifica- prepared to make some study of the various 
tion. forms of classification that have been proposed 
by great naturalists. Most of these may be 

found in the special article on Zodlogy, already alluded to: 

Aristotle’s, XXIV. 804. 

‘The Linnzani x X PY. 305} 

Lamarck’s, X XIV. 806. 

Cuvier’s, X XLV 307: 

Owen’s, XXIV. 808. 

Huxley’s, XXIV. 809. 

A valuable scientific article on classification, written by 
Mr. Huxley himself, may be found in II. 49. Keeping 
Mr. Huxley’s classification in mind, the student, who cares 
to go so deeply into the subject, may obtain a general 
and complete view of the science of zodlogy by studying 
the following articles in the order here given: 

I, Protozoa, X1X. 830—a valuable article, very finely il- 
lustrated. 

Lingiz/Wso77d en La OG! 

III. Coelenterata, V1. 107—a short article, purely scien- 
tific. Under this sub-kingdom, see Hydrozoa, XII. 547, 
and Actinozoa, I. 129. 

IV. Annulorda—see Echinodermata, VII. 629. 

V. Annulosa—Under this sub-kingdom there may be 
many references. We give only a few: 

Crustacea, V 12.632; 

PTaAchinicia wh lee? 71s 

Myriapoda, XVII. 115, and V. 340. 

Insecta, XIII. 141 (see Index, 224). 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 95 


Chaetognatha (marine worms), XXI. 148, and II. 52. 

Annelida, II. 65. 

VI. Molluscoida, \V. 188.—Under this sub-kingdom, see: 

Polyzoa, XIX. 429. 

Brachiopoda, IV. 188. 

Marnicata, so Lil 000 sl le5 3 

VII. Mollusca, XVI. 632; Il. 54.—Under this sub-king- 
dom, refer to the following subjects: 

Lamellibranchiata, XVI. 684. 

Gastropoda, XVI. 641. 

Pteropoda, XVI. 665. 

Cephalopoda, VI. 735. 

VIII. Vertebrata, XXIV. 178.—Under this sub-king 
dom there might be hundreds of references given. The 
following articles and paragraphs will be found especially 
valuable : 

CLASS I. PISCES. See /cthyology, XII. 630; distribution 
of marine fishes, VII. 280, XII. 677;: freshwater fishes, 
XII. 669; fishes of America, I. 684; geographi- 
cal distribution of fishes, XII. 668; fishes of 
prehistoric times, XII. 666; Agassiz’s researches 
on fossil fish, I. 275 ; angling, II. 32; aquariums, 
II. 217. Several special articles may be of interest to the 
general reader, such as: 

Hish-culture, XI1.664, XIX. 126. 

mneling - TT. 32: 

Izaak Walton, XXIV. 342. 

Detgisnieries, 1X. 2412: 

Mackerel, XV. 160. 

Odea L1G 3. 

meUreconwe WhO) 1 etc: etc. 

CEASS 20 AMPHIBIA,/1..750. 

ikon 3 UCP TILIA, es Ard 324 Snakes, (XXIIy 180; 
crocodiles, VI. 592; alligators, I. 585. 


Fishes. 


ele GUIDE TO THE 


CLASS 4. AVES! See Birds, III. 699,;; distributionso: 
IIT. 736, VII. 269; birds of America, I. 634." Turnetosine 
special article, ORNITHOLOGY, XVIII. 2. The history of 
this science, as narrated in the first pages of this article 
is especially interesting. The list of valuable 
works on birds, XVIII. 11-19, is very complete 
and valuable. The titles of hundreds of articles 
referring to different birds might be given, but 
we quote only a few—-for example, in volume VI. are such 
articles as the following: cockatoo, p. 98; condor, p. 253; 
coot, p. 341; Cormorant, p. 407 >> crane,p. 540), ectow ap: 
617 ; cuckoo, p. 685 ; curassow, p. 709; curlew, p. 711—but 
the student needs no guide to find such articles as these. 

CLASS 5. MAMMALIA, XV. 347—a very comprehensive 
and scientific article, fully illustrated. 

Classification of Mammalia, XV. 370. 

History of Mammalia in former times, XV. 374. See 
also Paleontology, X. 3109. 

Subclass Echidna, VII. 628. 

Subclass Metatheria, XV. 378; marsupials, 
XITI838 > kangaroo, Lait 

Subclass Eutheria. Order Edentata, VII. 652; sloth, 
XXII. 1614 armadillo, Il. 543% aard-vark, I Seeanteater 
VO Gm eic. 

Order Sirenia, XV.-389 ; the manatee, x Viet Onere 

Order Cetacea, V. 357; whale, XXIV. 523; porpoise, 
NU 527 dolphin Lees40.sere: 

Order Insectivora, XV. 400. 

Order Chiroptera. XV. 405; bats, III. 431. 

Order Rodentia, XV. 415; squirrels, XXII. 437; rab- 
bits;-3 Xs 102 shares; cl A470 scice 

Order Ungulata; XV.421;, elephant, Vv lillie aeeco 
" noceros, XX. 521; horse, XII. 172; zebra, XXIV. 772; 
deer, Video 3 etc. 


Birds. 


Mammaiia. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 97 


Oraer Cnrnivord, SV «0432; Ccat..V.202%.doe, VII. 324 ; 
DesrarlieAOtms On. NV. O76 :ticer, eX ATI 385, etc. 
Order Primates, II. 108; lemur, XIV. 440; monkey, 
livia, oan, \. 444) and Ily107; etc 
The student who has followed this course of reading 
to the present point will now be prepared to 
Special notice the following important special articles: 
Articles. Anthropology, II. 107. 
Animism, II. 55. 
Biology, III. 679. 
Evolution, VIII. 744. 
Variation and selection, XXIV. 76. 
Acclimitisation, I. 84. 
Reproduction, XX. 407. 
‘Embryology, VIII. 163. 
Breeds and Breeding, IV. 244. 
Hybridism, XII. 422. 
Distribution of Animals, VII. 267. 
Longevity of Animals, XIV. 857. 
Animal Physiology, XIX. Io. 
Pestigctm Lies 7. 
Histology, XII. 4. 


98 GUIDE TO THE 


CH ATADE hick: 
READINGS IN BOTANY. 


‘‘In my garden I spend my days; in my library I spend my nights. 
My interests are divided between my geraniums and my books.’’—A /ex- 
ander Smith. 


THE reader who wishes to acquire a general knowledge of 

the subject of botany, may begin by reading the chapter 
onthe history of Botanical Science, IV.79. After 

Great this, read the biographies of the famous men 

Botanists. who have contributed most to the advancement 
of this science. Among these the following 

are named as among the most important: 

The elder Pliny, the first who made any extensive cata- 
logue of plants, XIX. 224. 

Andreas Cesalpinus, the great Florentine botanist of 
the 16thicentury,, LV 2633: 

John Ray, the originator of the “natural system” of 
classification, XX. 300. 

Tournefort, the foremost French botanist of the 17th 
century, XXII. 490. 

Carl Linnzus, the real founder of the science, XIV. 
O710 

Jussieu, a famous French family of botanists, XIII. 788. 

Robert Brown, the first British botanist to adopt and 
support the “ natural system,” IV. 385. 

Asa Gray, the well-known American botanist. 


t 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 99 


After having read these biographical sketches, turn 
again to the special article on BOTANY, IV. 79-163, and 
notice the comprehensive manner in which the subject 
is there treated. This article comprises much more mat- 
ter than is contained in the ordinary school text-books, 
and, as you will see, is profusely and beautifully illus- 
trated, with numerous full-page plates. 

If it is your wish to make a thorough study of the 
anatomical structure of plants, their arrangement and 
classification, their distribution over the globe, and the 
uses to which they are subservient, you will .find this ar- 
ticle to be full of just the kind of information 
that you want. We will suppose, however, that 
you prefer, instead of studying every portion of 
this article, to use it for purposes of reference 
and in order to supplement the information which you ob- 
tain from other sources. If this be the case, consult the 
“Index of Principal Subjects,” IV. 162. Even if you are 
making only a hasty and superficial survey of this delight- 
ful science, you will find several chapters in this article 
worthy of your attention. Here are a few which you 
cannot afford to pass unnoticed: 

Different parts of flowers, p. 126; essential organs of 
flowers, p. 134; respiration of plants, p. 119; pollen, p. 
Pasnmerellizd Oly pel 4 7.2 mO0ssess p. 407, 7lichens.:p.. 107% 
leaves, pp. 108-119; fruit, pp. 148-153. 

_ Other articles relating to botanical topics are numerous. 
See the following: 

Distribution of plants, VII. 286. 

Propagation of plants, XII. 211, 234. 

Reproduction of plants, XX. 423. 

Fertilization by insects, XIII. 142. 

Linnzus’s classification of plants, XIV. 672. 

Morphology, XVI. 841. 


Article 
on 


Botany. 


100 GUIDE TO THE 


Physiology of plants, XIX. 43. 

Insectivorous plants, XIII. 134. 

Parasitic plants, XVIII. 264. 

The article on the VEGETABLE KINGDOM, XXIV. 
125-131, contains a complete classification of plants. 
Read also: 

AGL enO7, 

Fungus, IX. 827. 

Lichens, XIV. 552. 

Hepatice, XIV. 718. 

Muscinee, XVII. 65. 

In pursuing the study of botany in a practical way, 
it is of course necessary that you should acquire a knowl- 

edge of plants at first hand, through personal 

The observation. You must, therefore, make a col- 
Herbarium. lection of plants and arrange an herbarium for 

your own use and study. Full directions for 
doing this may be found in XI. 717. 
And now, for further references to plants, their culture, 
uses, etc., see the chapters in this volume entitled, The 
Gardener, The Fruit Grower, and The Woods- 
Further anv. In the first will be found a series of read- 
Studies. ings on the propagation and care of flowers and 
vegetables, and in the others some _interest- 
ing and curious matter pertaining to trees, their modes 
of growth, their history, and their uses in the world’s 
economy. It is well to remember that all the most im- 
portant trees and plants in existence are the subjects of 
special articles in the Lrztannica. These may readily be 
found by consulting the Index volume. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. IOI 


CHAR RE RIX TT: 


READINGS IN GEOGRAPHY. 


THIS subject is as illimitable as the globe itself. Tothe 
teacher of geography, the Eucyclopedia Britannica offers 
an amount and variety of matter pertaining to this sub- 
ject which cannot be found in any similar work. A mere 
enumeration of all the articles relating to geography 
would fill many pages of this volume, while the study of 
them would occupy much more time than is ever allotted 
to the subject at school. The GUIDE proposes to do no 
more, therefore, than to point out some of the most im- 
portant articles, and at the same time indicate a few brief 
courses of reading in connection with certain interesting 
geographical topics. 


I. HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


The chapter on the progress of geographical discovery, 
X. 175-196, is replete with entertaining infor- 
Early _ mation for both teacher and student. The copy 
Geogra- : 
phers. Of the famous Borgia map of the world as 
known at the beginning of the 15th century, is 
extremely interesting, and will bear much study. In this 
chapter we encounter the names of some of the early 
geographers : for example, of Eratosthenes, who first re- 
duced the science to a system, VIII. 519; of Hipparchus, 
who proposed a method for determining the relative posi- 
tions of places upon the earth, XV. 516; of Ptolemy, 


IO2 GUIDESTOSCIE 


whose maps are the most ancient that have come down to 
modern times, XX. 87; of Strabo, famous as a scientific 
geographer, XXII. 580.. Here, too, we learn about the 
discovery of the mariner’s compass, VI. 225; of the ser- 
vices of Prince Henry the Navigator, XI. 672; of the in- 
vention of the astrolabe, XVII. 251; of the great pro- 
moters of geographical knowledge, Hakluyt, XI. 378, 
and Purchas, XX. 114; of the voyages of Columbus and 
his successors; and of all the late discoveries in the Arc- 
tic Regions and in Africa. 


Il. A VIEW OF THE WORLD. 


Every reader of the 47ztannica will of course under- 
stand that all articles descriptive of the conti- 

pee nents, and indeed of every place of importance 

Whole. in the world are to be found in their appro- 

priate places in the different volumes of this 

work. Hence, it is not necessary to encumber the pages 
of the GUIDE with mere lists of such articles. The titles 
of some of these articles may be grouped together, how- 
ever, according to topics, in such a way as to indicate a 
number of brief courses of reading on geographical sub- 
jects. Begin, for example, with the world as a whole. 
Read the article on Physical Geography, X. 210. Then 
take up the following in their order: 

The Globe, X. 680-685. 

Maps, XV. 515-523. 

The Océan Weer, 2 ese. 

Atlantic Oceana linen 

Paciiic/ Ocean, Sav Liars 

Indian Ocean, XII. 820. 

Océan Currents s16 2X28 3 

Currents of the Pacific Ocean; + Vill air 7 

Currents of the Indian Ocean, XII. 821. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 103 


The Continents: Europe, VIII. 680; Asia, II. 683 ; 
Puibicas t2A'5,.and 42.Ssup.; s.ustralia, 111. 103°: 

Land. America, I. 6609. 

Seas, XXI. 578 (see Index volume, page 396); 
Mediterranean Sea, XV. 8190; Red’ Sea, XX.-316.; Aral 
ede 300s Diack: oea, 11 11705.+, Caspian, V1 707 Baltic, 

DLiee2o se NOLL, se WV tle 502%) Caribbean, Vv; 

Water = 103) etc. 

Lakes (special article) XIV. 216. 

Rivets 5 Aig nes Aniazol. 1.0054, 0744. Missis- 
sippi, XVI. 518, and 914 sup.; Nile, XVII. 504, VII. 705 ; 
Niger, XVII. 496; Congo, XXIV. 763; Indus, XII. 847; 
Paipurates-oVLil..00s* Ganges, xX. 68; Rhine XX, 513: 
Danube, VI. 819. 

ReoMmiatnsee Viva @ Alps, 1) 619; Atlas [lle 27. 
Apennines, II. 169; Appalachian, II. 200; Andes, II. 15; 
Rocky ex tll 706; -Himalayu, XI. $21; Ural, XXIVi3; 
Pe vLene Com ue [24, 


III. MISCELLANEOUS GEOGRAPHICAL SUBJECTS. 


Some interesting and curious selections worth reading 

in connection with the study of geography: 
Interesting The Sahara Desert, X XI. 149. 

Topics. Death Valley (Amargosa desert) region in 
California, 552 sup., and 782 sup. 

Dead Sea, VII. 1; 

Sargasso Sea, III. 20, 26. 

Mount Vesuvius, XXIV. 195. 

Volcanoes, X. 240. 

Earthquakes, VII. 608. 

Mammoth Cave, XV. 448. 

Niagara Falls, XVII. 472; Yosemite Falls, 386 sup. 

The Black Forest, XXIV. 669. 

Gibraltar, English fortress in Spain, X. 583. 


104 GUIDE TO THE 


Polar Regions, XIX..315, 330; Arctic Explorations, 
133 sup. These two articles give a complete history of 
arctic exploration and adventure from the earliest times 
to the present. Ro 

Recent explorations in Africa, 42 sup. 

Famous Cities and Towns: Aix-la-Chapelle, I. 431; 
Alexandria, I. 493-496; Athens, III. 1; Baden-Baden, 
III. 226; Baghdad, Il]. 231; Benares 111555 ssberinede 

593; Boston, IV. 72; Bristol, 1V: 348 3Brooks 

Famous lyn, IV. 370; Brussels, IV. 404; Cabul, IV. 623; 

Cities. Cairo, IV. 645; Calcutta, IV. 556; Cambridge, 

IV. 728; Chicago, V.°610;7) Edinbureneaye 
658; Havana, XI. 524;)London, Xl Vee Siomisecui nae 
volume, page 265); Madrid, XV. 189; New Orleans, 
XVIT. 402; New York, XVII. 457 |(sée"indexevouteies 
page 312); Paris, XVIII. 274 (see Index volume, page 
332);. Rome, XX. 833 (see Index volume, pager377 aoc 
Petersburg, XX. 190; Venice, XXIV. 141 (see Index vol- 
ume, page 456); Vienna, XXIV. 219; Versailles, XXIV. 
176. Jerusalem, XIII. 636; Ispahan, XIII. 393 ; Palmyra, 
XVIII. 198; Antioch, I 130; Tyre x X17 io ees 
stantinople, VI. 302; Mecca, XV. 669; Medina, XV. 817. 


IV. THE UNITED STATES, 


See the special article, XXIII. 729-829, and the index 

on the last page. See also the historical and 

Our Statistical view of the United States, 1523 sup. 

Country. Both of these long articles are interesting and 

comprehensive, presenting a complete exposi- 

tion of the geographical features of the country, together 

with an account of its history, industries, and natural re- 
sources. 

Each of the States and Territories is treated in a simi- 

lar manner, both in the body of the Srztannica and also 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. IO5 


in the supplement, or American Revisions and Additions. 
For example, for Arizona, see II. 538 and 139 sup.; Arkan- 
sas, II. 539 and 139 sup. All these may be easily found 
without any further help from the GUIDE. 


Vege ilUMAcD Rech. 


Read AIR, I. 427; ATMOSPHERE, ITI. 28. 

Read the article on-Climate, VI. 1. 

Principal causes which determine climate, VI. 2. 

Effect of vegetation on, VI. 4. 

Hygienic value of oceanic climate, V. 1, 5. 

Influence of Gulf Stream upon climate, III. 21. 

ibhemweather, xv 1157. 

The American system of weather signals, XXIV. 

Weather. 1617. 
Winds, XVI. 143. 

Relation of winds to climate, VI. 6. 

The anemometer, for measuring the winds, II. 24. 

Die simoom,) LI; 230; 

Monsoons, II. 690. 

Trade winds, XVI. 143; influence upon climate, I. 675. 

Cyclones, 111; 33. 

ormmadocsex x LL: 807, 

Pucticanes, XV 1.154; 

ReaiiidleeeaViler 125 its intivence: On, climate, a VilecO, 
rain-gauge, XX. 250. 


106 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPTER ATE 


READINGS IN MATHEMATICS. 


‘‘Inquire about everything that you do not know; since, for the small 
trouble of asking, you will be guided in the road of knowledge.” 
—From the Persian. 


IN the Britannica, each of the great branches of mathe- 
matical science is treated under its own head and at con- 
siderable length, and yet it is not presumed that 
Paral any person will attempt to acquire the mastery 
Duly of arithmetic, or algebra, or geometry from 
these articles. Here, if anywhere, the guidance 
of the living teacher and the assistance of specially pre- 
pared text-books are absolutely essential. The mathe- 
matical treatises in the Arztannica, therefore, are valuable 
chiefly for occasional reference—they are not intended for 
general study, and certainly not for popular reading. 
Students and teachers, however, will frequently be able 
to derive valuable assistance from them in the solving 
of knotty problems or in the elucidation of difficult prop- 
ositions. It is well, therefore, to remember where they 
can be found. 


HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS. 


The history of mathematics is a subject in which every 
student, whether he be a mathematician or not, must feel 
no little interest ; and it is to a knowledge of this subject 
rather than to the abstruse study of any particular branch 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 107 


of the science, that the present course of reading points. 
It is supposed that the reader has already some 
Ancient : : ; 
Mathema- general acquaintance with the elementary prin- 
tics, ciples of mathematics, derived, as is ordinarily 
the case, from the text-books used at school. 
These readings from the Lrizannica will supplement his 
present knowledge, and perhaps encourage him to advance 
still farther in his acquisitions. 

The best introduction to this course is the short article 
on MATHEMATICS, XV. 629. Read especially the histori- 
cal parts, and omit, until a future time, such sections and 
paragraphs as seem too technical or too difficult for ready 
comprehension. 

Notice what is said of Pythagorean mathematics, XX. 
140, and of Hindu mathematics, X XI. 294. 

Now read the historical portion of the article on ARITH- 
METIC, II. 524-526. The paragraphs relating to the dif- 
ferent methods of notation are especially interesting. The 
biographies of the following distinguished arithmeticians 
should be read next: 

Archimedes, the greatest mathematician of ancient 

times, II. 380. 
Re Apollonius of Perga, who flourished a little 
ticians, later than Archimedes, II. 187. 
Diophantus, a Greek writer on arithmetic, 
AtOeCenturyss|. 511. 

Maximus Planudes (died 1350), referred to in XVII. 
627. 

Robert Recorde (1558), author of an algebra entitled 
The Whetstone of Witte, and of one of the first arithmetics 
published in English, XX. 310. 

Next, turn to the history of algebra, I. 511-518. Notice 
the list of writers on algebra, page 518. Read the follow- 
ing biographies of distinguished algebraists. 


108 GUIDE TO. THE 


Girolamo Cardan (16th century), author of the second 
printed book on algebra, V. go. 

Rene Descartes, Vil lye 15 

Joseph Louis Lagrange, XIV. 207. 

Leonard Euler, demonstrator of the binomial 
theorem, VIII. 665. , 

Fourier, author of Fourier’s theorem, IX. 490. 

Sturm, author of Sturm’s theorem, XXII. 612. 

Leonard*of bisaex Tx 1252 

The history of geometry is very briefly told in X. 376. 

Concerning great geometricians, it will be well 
of course to refer first to Euclid, the greatest 
of them all. Read his biography, VIII. 655. 
Then notice the following : 

hales OX Xx teeors. 

Theodosius, X XIII. 260. 

Pythagorean contributions to the science of geometry, 
ea 30, 

Apollonius of Perga, II. 188. 

Boetius on geometry, III. 857. 

Legendre’s work on geometry, XIV. 414. 

For the history of Greek trigonometry, see XX. 87, 

under the article on Ptolemy; a brief notice of 

Trigono- Indian and Arabian trigonometry is given in 

metry. XXIII. 561, and an account of modern trigo- 

nometry in XXIII.562. Of biographies, read 

the following: 

Hipparchus, Greek mathematician, XI. 851. 

John Napier, inventor of logarithms, XVII. 177. 

Edmund Gunter, inventor of the terms cosine, cotan- 
PENT, LC oe NI 30: 

Sir Isaac Newton, XVII. 438. 

Gottfried Leibnitz, XIV. 417. 

Besides the mathematicians already mentioned, there 


Algebra. 


Geometry. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 10g 


are several others whose biographies are given in the 
Britannica. \n order to acquire a complete knowledge of 
the history of the science, you should learn 

Men of something about these men. Here is a partial 

Figures. list which, if you wish, you will be able to ex- 

tend as you progress with the reading: 

Pappus of Alexandria, XVIII. 229. 

Alhazen (11th century), I. 572. 

Henry Briggs (16th century), IV. 343. 

Thomas Allen (16th century), I. 583. 

Simon Stevinus (17th century), XXII. 531. 

Alexander Anderson (17th century), II. 14. 

Gaspard Monge (18th century), XVI. 738. 

Thomas Simpson, XXII. 366. 

Robert Simson, XXII. 876. 

Jakob Steiner (19th century), XXII. 531. 

George Peacock, XVIII. 443. 

Christiaan Huygens (17th century), XII. 415. 

For a popular course of reading in the history of mathe- 
matics, perhaps the foregoing is sufficient. Besides the 
four branches of the science already mentioned, there are 
others upon which the Arztannica contains valuable and 
scholarly articles intended particularly for specialists in 
mathematics. Several additional articles also on mathe- 

matical subjects may be found under their own 


bets headings or by reference to the Index. The 
1ca . 
Tonics GUIDE ventures to name here the following, 


not that they should be included in any course 
of reading, but simply to remind the student of their pres- 
ence in the Aritannica and to indicate where he may 
find them if occasion should require that he should refer 
to them. 
Abacus (arithmetical device), I. 4. 
Calculating machines, IV. 654. 


I1O GUIDE TO THE 


Squaring the circle, XXII. 433. 

Annuities, II. 72. 

Astronomy, XXIV. 85. 

The Almagest, I. 580. 

Angles allzazo, 

Gutve, Va e710: 

Calculus, XIII. 5. 

Functions, [X3S18 3) XLV. 2007 ey eis 
Geodesy, X. 163. 

Gauging, XVI. 28. 

Logarithms, XIV. 772. 

Measurement, XV. 659. 

Mechanics, XV. 676. 

Quaternions, XX. 160. 

Surveying, XXII. 695. 

Variations, XXIV. 85. 

Probability, XIX. 768. 

Projections, XIX. 793. 

Surface, Congruence, Complex, XXII. 668. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. III 


Die bel Bae LV 
READINGS IN THE STUDY OF MAN. 
“The proper study of mankind is man.”—/ofe. 


- A COMPLETE study of Man in all his various relations 
to the animal and spiritual world would embrace an in- 
vestigation of many branches of knowledge, 
meh eit each occupying a distinct field of its own, but 
Subject. cach dependent toa greater or less extent upon 
its kindred sciences. Among these branches 

the following are the most important. 

1. Anatomy, which treats of the structure of the hu- 
man body (see I. 799). 

2. Physiology, which treats of the functions and rela- 
_ tions of the different parts of the body, XIX. 8. 

3. Psychology, which investigates the operations of the 
human mind (see the references in this volume, page 120). 

4. Philology, which deals with the general principles of 
of language (see Chapter VIII. in this volume). 

5. Ethics, which treats of man’s duty to his fellow-men 
(see the references in this volume, pages 117-119). 

6. Sociology, which treats of the origin and develop- 
ment of human institutions, VIII. 619; XVIII. 796; 
mA. 347, 

7. Religion, which deals with man’s relations to the 
spiritual world, and his duties to God (see the chapter en- 
titled The Theologian). 

8. Anthropology, the natural history of man. 

9. Ethnology or Ethnography—properly a subdivision 


I12 GUIDE TO THE 


of Anthropology—which deals with the subdivisions of the 
human race, such as hordes, clans, tribes, nations, etc. 

10. Archeology and Antiquities, which treat of the 
early history of man, and of the remains of ancient art. 

11. History (see chapter VI. in this volume). 

It is proposed to indicate in the present chapter a few 
courses of reading fromthe L7ztannica which shall cover 
only the subjects numbered 8, 9, and 10, above. 


Ic” TPANTHROPOLOGY. 


Let us take as the basis of our studies the comprehen- 
sive and scholarly article by Professor E. B. Tylor in 
volume II. pages 107-123. As to man’s place 
Origin of in nature, refer to the article Animal Kingdom, 
Man. II. 49. Certain portions also of the following 
articles may be read: Physiology, XIX. 8; His- 

tology, XII. 4. See, also, XV. 444, and the articles on 

Evolution, VIII. 744. 

Charles Darwin, 542 sup. 

pe, i4a. 

Man and Monkeys, II. 107. 

Concerning the origin of man, see the following: I. 136; 
X. 291; Il. 333, 341; also the myths of his creationsaae 
141; XVII. 157. Read the section on this subject in II. 
110. 

The chapter on the races of mankind II. 11-115, may be 
supplemented by the references under Ethnology, below. 

Concerning the antiquity of man, read the sections in 
X. 368 and II. 115; then see the references under Arche- 
ology, below. 

Read the section on language, II. 117-120; 
Language. also the following: 
Evolutionary theories of language, VIII. 769. 

Relation of language to thought, XX. 75. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. Ls 


Relation of language to mythology, XVII. 137. 
(See Chapter VIII. in this volume). 

Study next the development of civilization 
and culture. Read section vi. volume ‘II. 
pages 120-123; and also what is said of the 
earliest seats of civilization, II. 342, and of 
Buckle’s theory of civilization, IV. 421. 


Culture. 


Il. ETHNOLOGY. 


Read by sections the article entitled Ethnography, VIII. 
613-626. (Note the distinction between Ethnography and 
Ethnology, p. 613.) The following are a few 
of the articles or sections which will be found 
interesting in connection with this study. 

The Family, IX. 17. 

Tribes among Primitive Races, IX. 20. 

Races of Mankind, II. 111. 

Ages of Man, II. 122, also II. 336-341. 

Food, VIII. 616. 

Fire, IX. 227-232. 

Religious Development (see Chapter entitled The Theo- 
logian, in this volume). 

Neviriseincsiecvends vill lh 622 2 VIL §37 ex Villa 350; 
DOC Peto UXT 356. 

Magic, XV. 199. 

Superstitions, VIII. 623 (see also the references named 
on pages 138-139 of this volume). 

For the characteristics which distinguish man 

Character. indifferent countries, see under the head of each 
istics. § country. For example, for Man in Africa, see 
the article Africa, I. 260; so also we shall find, 

Man in Alaska, 70 sup. 

Man in Algeria, I. 564. 

Man in America, I. 686. 

8 


Races. 


114 GUIDE TO THE 


Man in Arabia, II. 245. 

Man in Asia, II. 697. 

Man in Australia, III. 118, 
and so on, for every country of importance in the world. 

Some curious races are also described in an entertaining 
way: 

The Natives of the Andaman Islands, II. 11. 

The Hottentots, XII. 309. 

The Bushmen, 1 V27575. 

The Bongo, IV. 32. 

The Ainos of Japan, I. 426. 

The Dyaks, 1.58. 

he Czechs) Vilw754. 

he Gopts: av isa 

The Cossacks, VI. 448. 

The Natives of Anam (ugliest in the world), VI. 95. 

The Esquimaux, VIII. 543. 

The Natives of Polynesia, XIX. 422. 

Concerning the origin of justice and morals, and their 
development among primitive peoples, see 
VIII. -624. Alsoomarriage; XV 5OSC sienna 
totemistic marriage ceremonies, XXIII. 470; 
marriage among ancient Mexicans, XVI. 213; 
myths relating to marriage, XVII. 158. 

Cannibalism, IV. 807. 

Totemism, XXIII. 467. 


Customs. 


III. ARCHAOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES. 


Under this head we shall include a brief survey of a few 
of the more interesting antiquities described in 
various articles in the Lrztannica. No attempt 
will be made at classification. Read first the 
brief article on Antiquities, II. 134, and then 
turn to Archeology, II. 333. This latter article may be 


Antiquities, 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. I15 


studied by sections in connection with the supplementary 
article on the same subject, 130 sup. 

Then read, as occasion requires, or as inclination may 
direct, the following articles, which have been selected on 
account of their interest to general readers: 

Antiquity of Man, II. 115. 

Antiquities of America, I. 692. 

The Mound Builders, III. 390, and 131 sup. 

Ancient American Architecture, II. 450. 

Ancient Ruins in Yucatan, XXIV. 758. 

Antiquities of Egypt, VII. 767-784. 

Antiquities of Peru, I. 696. 

Wall of Romulus, XX. 812. 

Wall of Servius, XX. 813. 

Wall of Antoninus, II. 139. 

Wall of Hadrian, XI. 723. 

Great Wall of China, V. 638, 644. 

Baalbec, lLle1 76. 

The Temple of Bel, III. 183. 

Wall-sculptures of Babylon, XVII. 34. 

Winevehsex VL sre. 11.5307. 

Schliemann’s Researches in Ancient Troy, II. 341. 

Olympia, Recent Discoveries at, XVII. 765. 

Mycene, Ancient Remains of, XVII. 115. 

aEVNS oN CL L407; 

Temple of Poseidon, XVIII. 133. 

he Palladium, ~~ V LII2 183: 

Painted Tombs of Corneto, VI. 423. 

Mummies, X VII. 20. 

Pompeii, XIX. 444. 

Herculaneum, XI: 723: 

Cave Animals and Cave Man, V. 266. 

Prehistoric Stone Circles, II. 383. 

Stone Monuments, Dolmens, etc., X XI. 50. 


116 GUIDE TO THE 


Stonehenge, XXII. 576. 

Ancient Monuments in Peru, II, 451. 

Stone Monuments in Polynesia, XIX. 428. 

Sepulchral Mounds in Various Countries, 1413 sup. 

Animal Mounds of Wisconsin, XXIV. 618. 

Druidic Monuments, XXI. 52. 

Ancient Barrows, III. 397. 

Old Roman Roads, XX. 582. 

The Catacombs, V. 206-216. 

Ancient Stone Weapons, II. 553. 

Ancient Inscriptions, XIII. 114-133. 

Ancient Bottles, IV. 167. 

Ancient Bracelets, IV. 187. 

PANCIENL bricks pV 70: 

Ancient Brooches, IV. 369. 

Ancient Lamps, XIV. 247. 

Ancient Mirrors, XVI. 501. 

Ancient Baths, III. 434. 

Ancient Mosaics, XVI. 850. 

Ancient Relics, XX. 355. 

Relics in connection with Christian thought and prac- 
TICE NN. 3 57. 

Ancient Rings; earliest existing rings, cylinders, Ro- 
man rings, XX. 560; Episcopal rings, poison rings, XX. 
561. 

Ancient Plate (Assyrian, Etruscan, etc.), XIX. 179-182. 

Ancient Writing Materials, XVIII. 143, 232. 

Ancient Pottery, III. 189. 

Antiquarian Societies, ITI. 135. 

Archeological Societies. 

Ancient Textiles, Weaving in Prehistoric Times, etc., 
XXIII. 206. | 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. I17 


CHAPTER GX V, 
READINGS IN PHILOSOPHY. 


PHILOSOPHY is a term the meaning and scope of which 
have varied greatly according to the usage of 
different authors and different ages. The aim 
of the courses of reading which we shall here 
attempt to indicate, is to afford a general view 
of the history of philosophic ideas from the earliest times 
to the present, with a brief notice of some of the famous 
schools of philosophy, and of their influence upon modern 
thought. Of the large number of articles in the Britan- 
nica, which may be utilized for this purpose, only those 
will be named which are the most essential to a general 
knowledge of the subject or which are deemed to be of. 
the greatest interest to the young student or the casual 
reader. 


Definition. 


is ETHICS. 


The special article on Philosophy, XVIII. 791, may be 
made the starting-point and basis for these studies. This 
article, leaving controversial details as far as possible in 
the background, attempts to explain generally 
the essential nature of philosophy, and to indi- 
cate the main divisions into which, as a matter 
of historical fact, its treatment has fallen. After 
reading the first and second divisions of this article, pp. 
791-793, let us make a brief study of the lives of some of 
the famous ancient philosophers, and of the different 
schools which they founded. 


Ethics. 


118 GUIDE COssHE 


But first, turn to the article on ETHICS, VIII. 574, and 
read the introductory paragraphs defining and giving a 
general account of this division of the subject. Read next 
the article on Thales, the first philosopher of Greece, and 
the founder of Greek astronomy and geometry, XXIII. 
217. Then read the following articles in their order: 

Pythagoras (§80-500 B.C.) and Pythagoreanism, XX. 
137, 

Heraclitus of Ephesus (530-470 B. C.), XI. 681. 

Democritus (470-362 B. C.), VII. 59. 

The Sophists, XXII. 263; The Age of the Sophists, 
WEL aS 70; 

Socrates (470-399 B. C.), XXII. 231 ; Socratic 

Ancients Schools av Liles 75. 


aa Aristippus, II. 506; The Cyrenaic School, 


NAB Ys cy 

The Cynics, VI. 745, VIII..578 ;Antisthenes/s1 haaaar 
Diogenes, VII. 245. 

Plato, XIX. 194, VIII. 579; Platonism, I. 68; Plato 
and Aristotle, VIII. 580; Plato’s school, VIII. 587; The 
Academy, I. 68. 

Aristotle, II. 510; Aristotle’s Ethics, VIII. 581; his 
logic, XIV. 784; his metaphysics, XVI. 79; The Peripa- 
tetics, XVIII. 545. 

Stoicism, VIII. 583 ; XXII..561. 

Epicurus, VIII. 472, 586. 

Marcus Aurelius, III. 86. 

Neoplatonism, XVII. 332; VIII. 587. 

Mysticism, XVII. 128. 

Christian ethics, VIII. 588; faith, VIII. 589; love and 
purity, VIII. 590. 

Alexandrian school, I. 498. 

St. Augustine, Christian philosopher, III. 75. 

St. Ambrose, I. 662. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. II9 


Scholastic philosophy, XXI. 117. 
Thomas Aquinas, II. 231. 
Albertus Magnus, I. 453. 
Bbelard, 134: 
Bernard of Clairvaux, III. 601. 
PrEOUUS i lw 2.117. 

Hobbes and his “ Leviathan,” XII. 31. 
Modern The Cambridge Moralists, VIII. $97. 
Philoso- 
phers, Henry More, XVI. 814. 

Vangel ockerex bie. 5 1 
Shaftesbury, X XI. 731. 
Bernard de Mandeville, XV. 472. 
David Hume, XII. 346. 
Adam Smith, XXII. 169. 
The Intuitional School, VIII. 603. 
Dugald Stewart, XXII. 546. 
Utilitarianism, VIII. 606. 
William Paley, XVIII. 181. 
Jeremy Bentham, III. 575. 
John Stuart Mill, XVI. 307. 
mruguste;@omte, Vilo220. 
Immanuel Kant, XIII. 844. 
Georg Friedrich Hegel, XI. 612. 
Ralph Waldo Emerson, I. 729. 
Finally, this study of ethics may be brought to a close 

by reading the concluding paragraph on that subject in 
XVIII. 796. 


IPS METARPIYsIC. 


Metaphysic is “the science which deals with the princi- 
ples which are presupposed in all being and 

Definition. knowing, though they are brought to light only 
by philosophy.” According to Aristotle it in- 

cludes also theology, the science of God. It is treated at 


120 GUIDE TO THE 


considerable length by Professor Caird of Glasgow, in 
XVI. 79-114. 

See the references given above for Aristotle, 
the Sophists, the Socratic school, Neoplaton- 
ism, Kant, Locke, etc. Read also the follow- 
ing articles: 

Bacon, LIT 2003s 2s 
Descartes V1 lee vis 

Hichte, 161443 oo: 
Spinoza, XXII. 399. 
Animism, II. 55. 

Realism, XXI. 419. 

Idealism, 882 sup. 

Analytic Judgments, I..797. 
Association of Ideas, II. 730. 
Antinomy, II. 130. 


References. 


ISPS YCHOLOGY. 


Psychology, “the science of the phenomena of the 
mind,” is the subject of a long and very learned article by 
Professor Ward, of Cambridge University, XX. 
Modern 37-85. It may be read by sections with collat- 
Psychology. eral references to the articles treating of the 
lives and works of the men who have done 
most for the development of this science. 
See the references given above for Locke, Hume, Mill, 
and many others. _ 
Read also the following articles: 
Berkeley, III. 589. 
Baits 2 ges 38 
Tierbartynl 718. 
Leibnitz, XIV. 417. 
Herberrspencerst bag23: 
Sir William Hamilton, XI. 416. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA, I21 


Association of ideas, II. 730. 

Analytic judgments, I. 797. 

Beliefs Ie 532: 

Imagination, XX. 57. 

Feeling, XX. 40, 66, 74. 

Abstraction, I. 58. 

Absolute, I. 57. 

Analysis and Synthesis, I. 796. 

mcrention, Lily 52, etc:,etc. 

Psychology in relation to ethics, VIII. 574; in relation 
to logic, XIV. 780; to metaphysics, XVIII. 848; to evo- 
lution, VIII. 766; to religion, XXIII. 274. 

Aristotle’s Psychology, II. 522; Plato’s, XIX. 201 ; the 
picicasmen WEIS 505°;Xenoctates's, XX IVe-7190% Humes, 
potest cca OUSIN So Vl. 5250 Descartes, -Vilari2o: 
bie chee 2020 eciONnitzSe NV. 42200 Kant sex Tht 
848; Lewes’s, XIV. 491. See additional references to 
this subject in the chapter entitled Zhe Teacher, page 
251, of this volume. 


1V.~ LOGIC, 


Logic is the systematic study of thought. The subject 
is discussed in a comprehensive and scholarly article by 
Professor Adamson, of Manchester, in Volume 
XIV. of the Britannica, pages 780-803. Ham- 
ilton’s contributions to the development of this 
science are briefly noticed in XI. 419; John 
Sra Mise ing © Vile 3125 Whately sins X XLV 530% 
Hutcheson’s in XII. 411 ; Condillac’s in VI. 251; Gilbert 
derlaskorrée Ss in) X>.502; De Morgan's in VII260; He 
gel’s in XI. 619; Kant’s in XIII. 852; Leibnitz’s in XIV. 
422; Lully’s in XV. 64. 

The various terms and distinctive expressions used in 


Logicians, 


122 GUIDE TO THE 


the science are defined separately in the Arztannica, each 
under its own head. For example: 
A priora and a posteriora, II. 214, etc. 
Reductio ad absurdum, I. 59. 
Accident, I. 83 
Analogy, I. 791. 

Analysis, I. 793, 796, etc. 

See the references given above for Aristotle, Kant, Mill, 
Hegel etc. 

Read also the following articles or paragraphs: 

Te0tZe; PXeviewie. 

Ueberweg, XXITI. 716. 

Condillac, VI. 249. 

Wilniciae x De yore 

Analytics, XIV. 785. 

Dialectics, OobVie7s0se Ele 5 16. 

Deduction, I. 797. 

Induction; 122707 ,-20l Vae7a5; 

Syllogism, XIV. 780. 


Terms. 


V. AESTHETICS. 


By Aesthetics is generally meant the science of the 
beautiful, with its alued conceptions and emotions. A 
brief survey of the subject and the various prob- 
The lems which its study involves is given in a 
Beautiful special article by Professor James Sully in I. 
212-224. After reading the first two sections of 
this article, see the references given above for Socrates, 
Plato, Aristotle, and the other philosophers mentioned 
under the head of Ethics. Read next the chapter on the 
history of aesthetic systems, pp. 214-224. 
This course of reading. may be brought to a close with 
a study of the short section on aesthetics, XVIII. 795. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 123 


GCHAR DERG XY 1: 
READINGS FOR BIBLE STUDENTS. 


‘* This course of reading Scripture and good books will be many ways 
to your great advantage.’’—Aichard Baxter, 1660. 


SUNDAY-SCHOOL teachers, ministers of the gospel, theo- 
logians and all students of the Bible will find the Azcyclo- 
pedia Britannica replete with information con- 
Bible cerning all subjects connected with Bible 
History. history, biography, or geography. ‘There is 
scarcely a proper name in the Old Testament 
or the New that is not the subject of a special article. 
The history of ‘the Bible itself, with that of the critical 
problems connected with the books which compose it, is 
ably and fully discussed by Prosessor W. Robertson 
Smith in a fourteen-page article, III. 634-648. Many of 
the books composing the Bible, are treated separately in a 
similar comprehensive manner. See the following: 
Pentateuch and Joshua, XVIII. 505-514. This article 
embraces a complete survey of the first six 
Books of books of the Bible, with a careful discussion of 
the Bible. the Mosaic law,and a notice of the most recent 
criticisms and opinions. 
The Book of Ruth, XXI. 110. 
ihe Books of Samuel, XX .252. 
The First and Second Books of Kings, XIV. 83. 
Chronicles, V. 7006. 


124 GUIDE TO THE 


The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, VIII. 831. 

The Book of Esther, VIII. 560. 

The Book of Job, XIII. 697, 420. 

The Book of Psalms, XX. 29, and XII. 589. 

The Book of Proverbs, XIX. 879. 

The Book of Ecclesiastes, VII. 623. 

Song of Solomon, V. 32. 

Prophet, Prophets, XIX. 814. 

Lamentations of Jeremiah, XIV. 240. 

The Book of Daniel, VI. 803. 

The Old Testament Canon, V. I. 

The Gospels, X. 789. 

Acts of the Apostles, I. 123. 

Epistles of St. Paul, III. 642. 

Epistle to the Hebrews, XI. 602. 

Epistle to the Romans, XX. 727. 

Epistles to the Corinthians, VI. 399. 

Epistle to the Galatians, X. 19. 

Epistle to the Ephesians, VIII. 458. 

Epistle to the Colossians, VI. 164. 

Epistles to the Thessalonians, X XIII. 297. 

Epistles to Timothy and Titus, XVIII. 348. 

Epistle to Philemon, XVIII. 741. 

Epistle of St. James, XITI. 552: 

Epistles of/St.;Peter” XV LIt 607, 

Epistles of St. John, XIII. 707. 

Epistle of St. Jude, XIII. 761. 

The Book of Revelations, XX. 496. 

The New Testament Canon, V. 7. 

Apocalyptic Literature, II. 174. 

The Apocrypha of the Old Testament, II. 180; the 
book of Baruch, III. 404; Esdras, VIII. 541; Judith, 
XIII. 765; Maccabees, XV. 131; Tobit, XXIII. 428. 

Israel, XIII. 396. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 125 


Moses, XVI. 860. 
ce David, VI. 836. 
Peete Jews, XIII. 679. 
Topics. Bible Concordance, VI. 240. 
Bible Glosses, X. 687. 
Versions of the Bible: 
English, VIII. 381; Wycliffe’s, XXIV. 710; Tyndale’s, 
MXIT 675; Coverdale’s, Vi. 531; Luther’s, 
Riraee XV. 76; Geneva, VIII. 387; the Septuagint, 
: ear Ne 007: 
Inspiration of the Bible, XIII. 154. 

Circulation of the Bible, 262 sup. 

The above-named articles, many of them long, and all 
the work of Biblical scholars of high repute, if read in the 
order named will constitute a complete course of study in 
Bible history and criticism. Theologians and advanced stu- 
dents will recognize at once their great interest and value. 

The Britannica also contains innumerable briefer ar- 

ticles on subjects concerning which every Bible 

Shorter reader desires to be informed. The following 

Articles. is a partial list of such articles arranged alpha- 
betically, according to the volumes in which 
they occur: 

Volume J.—Aaron, the first high priest, p. 3; Abel, the 
first man slain, p. 33; Abimelech, the title of certain kings 
in Palestine, p. 49; Abraham, the “father of the faith- 
ful,” p.52; Absalom, the rebellious son of David, p. 56; 
Adam, the first man, p. 135; Ahab, the wicked king of Is- 
rael, 420; Ahasuerus, king of Persia, p. 421; Amos, one 
of the prophets, 747. 

Amalekites, p. 651; Ammonites, p. 742, and Amorites, 
p. 747—tribes at war with the Israelites. 

Abana and Parphar, p. 4; Adullam, p. 166, and Ai, p. 
424—rivers mentioned in the Old Testament. 


126 GUIDE TO THE 


Volume [7.—Athaliah, p. 827; Asa, p. 153 sup.; Apoc- 
rypha, p. 180; Ark of the Covenant, p. 539; Ararat, p. 
309. 3 

Volume II/.—Balaam, p. 258; Baruch, p. 404; Bel- 
SHazzZar apes 533 

Volume 1V.—Cain, p. 642 ; Canaanites, p. 763 ; Cana of 
Cyralilees p.s702: 

Volume V.—Canticles, p. 32; Chronicles, p. 706. 

Volume VI.—Daniel, p. 803; David, p. 836. 

Volume VII.—Deluge, p. 54; Decalogue, p. 15. 

Volume VITT.—Eli, p. 133; Elijah, p. 134; Elisha, p. 140; 
Emmaus, p. 177; Enoch, “p. 4409; Esai, poa5 jase 
p- 541; Esther, p: 5605) Eve, p7i733, Ezekieiwpaaer 

Volume X-—Galilee, p. 27; Gath, p. 108 ; Gilead, p. 594; 
Goshen, p. 788; Gideon, p. 588; “Gog, {p10 723r apie 
Glosses, p. 687; the Gospels, p. 789. 

Volume X1[,—Hittites, p. 25; Hosea, p. 295. 

Volume XIII.—Isaiah, p. 377; Israel, p. 396; Jeremiah, 
p. 626; Jesus Christ, p. 656; Jesus, son of Sirach, p. 672; 
Job, p. 697. 

Volume X[V.—Lamech, p. 238. 

Volume X V.—Manna, p. 493; Mark, p. 551; Mary, p. 
589; Matthew, p. 633. 

Volume XVI.—Messiah, p. 53; Micah, p. 224; Michael, 
p. 226; Midian, p. 284; Moab, p. 533, Moloch, p. 695; 
Moses, p. 860. 

Volume X VII.—Nahum, p. 165; Naphtali, p. 174; Na- 
thanael, p. 242; Nehemiah, p. 320; Nimrod, p. 511 ; Neb- 
uchadnezar, p. 309. 

Volume X VI[/.—Paul,.p. 415; Peter, p. 693; Pharaoh, 
p. 730; Philemon, p. 741; Philip, p. 742; Philistines, p. 755. 

Volume XX.—The land of Rameses, p. 265. 

Volume X XI.—Sabbath, p. 124; Samaria, p. 243; Sa- 
maritans, p. 244; Samuel, p. 252; Samson, p. 252. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. L27, 


Volume X XI[—Simeon, p. 77; Simon Magus, p. 78; 
Sinai, p. 88; Solomon, p. 251; Synagogue, p. 811; Susa, 
pe722. 

Volume XXIII.— Thomas, p. 308; Timothy, p. 399; 
fitus<p. 420 > iLobit,p. 427. 


Of the articles which relate to the geography of the 
Bible, the following are a few of the most important : 

Sinai, celebrated as the place where Moses received the 
fAVEEN LL OS. 

Palestine, the “ Promised Land,” XVIII. 170, and. XIIT, 
400. 
Jerusalem, the holy city, XIII. 636. 

Dead Sea, together with an account of the two cities, 

Sodom and Gomorrah, which are said to have 

Bible occupied its site, VII. 1. 

Geography. Hebron, the ancient capital of Judea, XI. 
608. | 

Bethlehem, the city of David, III. 617. 

Bethany, the “town of Mary and Martha,” III. 617. 

Beer-sheba, the most southern town of Palestine, III. 
504. 

Samaria, X XI. 243. 

Shechem, XXI. 783. 

Nazareth, the town where Jesus lived, XVII. 302. 

Gennesaret, otherwise called the Sea of Galilee, X. 29. 

Capernaum, V. 54. 

Joppa, XIII. 746. 

Antioch, II. 130. 

Damascus, the oldest city in the world, VI. 790. 


The journeyings of the Israelites from Egypt to the 
Promised Land may be traced by reading the following 
references in their order: Starting from Rameses in Egypt, 


128 GULDE eles! He 


XX. 265, they fled to the Red Sea, XIII. 399. Here 

Pharaoh and his host were overthrown and 

Journey drowned, but the Israelites, having crossed in 
from ene ‘ 

Egypt. Safety, pursued their journey through the wild- 

erness. For three days they had no water to 
drink, and arriving at last at Marah, XIV. 767, they found 
that the water in the springs there was bitter. This water 
was miraculously made sweet, and they continued their 
journey, finally reaching Sinai, XXII. 88, where the law 
was delivered to Moses. From Sinai they passed by var- 
ious stations to Kadesh-Barnea, X XII. 821, and from that 
place sent out twelve spies to view the Promised Land. 
Being afraid to enter the Promised Land they then turned 
back into the wilderness where they wandered for forty 
years. At Mount Hor, XII. 159, Aaron died. While pass- 
ing around Edom, XII. 699, they were attacked by fiery 
serpents. Arriving at last on the plains of Moab, XVI. 533, 
the Israelite army was reviewed and the law was confirmed 
by Moses. Moses viewed the Promised Land from the 
top of Mount Pisgah and died there. After this, the peo- 
ple under Joshua crossed the Jordan, XIII. 746, encamped 
a short time at Gilgal, X. 596, and then marched against 
Jericho, XIII. 629, and “Ai, I -4e4) At Shechema 
783, they again encamped, and there the cursings were 
read from Mount Ebal, X. 444, and the blessings from 
Mount Gerizim, XXI. 244. Returning to Gilgal, a treaty 
was made with the people of Gibeon, X. 583. At Merom, 
XIII. 746, the Northern Canaanites were signally defeated ; 
and at Shiloh, XXI. 803, the twelve tribes were assigned 
to their respective possessions. 

In much the same way we may follow the Apostle Paul 
in his voyage to Rome. He sets sail from Czsarea, IV. 
639; touches at Sidon, XXII. 35; thence proceeds to 
Cyprus, VI. 747, and to Myra, XV. 93, where he is tran- 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 129 


shipped to a corn vessel which coasts along the shore 
of Asia Minor to Cnidus, V.44. Being caught 


Paul's by the wind, the vessel is driven to Crete, VI. 
Voyage to 
one 569, and follows the southern coast of that 


island to Fair Haven, VI. 570. Sailing thence 
to findasecure harbor for the winter, the vessel encounters 
the wind Eurokylon, XV. 340; and, under shelter of the 
island Clauda, VI. 570, the sailors prepare for the storm 
by striking sail and turning the vessel’s head to the wind. 
For fourteen days they are driven helpless across the sea, 
and are finally thrown upon the shore of Melita, XV. 840, 
escaping only with their lives. After three months, Paul 
sets sail in an Alexandrian corn ship, stops at Syracuse, 
XXII. 813, for three days; then, making circuit, passes 
Rhegium, XX. 341, and the next day lands at Puteoli, 
XVII. 188, where he rests a full week. Then he proceeds 
by the Appian Way, II. 211, to the city of Rome, XX. 
807. 

It is safe to say, in conclusion, that the earnest student 
of the Bible will find in the Arztannica an answer to al- 
most every question concerning biblical subjects that may 
be asked. From no other single work will he be able to 
obtain a larger amount of useful information at so little 
expenditure of time and labor. The S#rztannica is, in 
short, the great authority to which readers and students 
of every denomination or creed may turn with full confi- 
dence in its correctness and impartiality. See the chapter 
entitled The Theologian, page 219, of this volume. 


130 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPIEI RSS Li 


READINGS IN MYTHOLOGY, LEGENDS, TRADITIONS AND 
FOLK LORE. 


‘‘ Books are our household gods.” —/January Searle. 
‘‘ Cultivate above all things a taste for reading.’’—Lord Sherbrooke. 


Io MYTHOLOGY, 


MYTHOLOGY is the science which examines the myths 
of cosmogony and of gods and heroes. A very scholarly 
exposition of this science is given by Andrew 
Lang in Volume XVII. pp. 135-154, of the 
Britannica. Students, however, who are not 
already somewhat familiar with the subject, will 
prefer to read some of the shorter articles first ; they will 
afterwards be able to take up this entertaining and com- 
prehensive disquisition and read it with appreciation and 
delight. The following list includes a number of interest- 
ing and valuable articles, arranged for the most part in 
alphabetical order : 

Myths of the creation, VI. 446, and XVII. 156. Read 
also the chapter on cosmogonies, I. 460. 

Myths of the gods: 

Apollo, II. 185. 

Athena (Minerva), II. 830; XVI. 437. 

Greek Diana (Artemis), II. 643; VII. 167. 

epee Vakoita, lb 208) 

Hephaestus (Vulcan), XI. 679. 
Juno, XULE 778, (Hera), Xx 12670; 


Definition. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. I3I 


Hupiter cA le 770: 

Mars, XV. 569, (Ares) IT. 484. 

Marsyas, XV. 575. 

Mercury (Hermes), XI. 749; XVI. 530. 
Nemesis, X VII. 331. 

Neptune (Poseidon), XVII. 345; XIX. 558. 
SALUT Maen | 220, 

Venus (Aphrodite), II. 171. 

Vesta, XXIV. 193. 

Zeus (Jupiter), XXIV. 782. 


iphesnesir, [= 200; 

Odie ll03= OV Lier 56: 
PY CV 2.10. 
clei ee ules 75% 
Niord, I. 210. 
Bragi, I. 211. 

Asgard, II. 679. 

PH Ore ay | ba 6, 
preva DN. 747, 

Loki, XVII+474. 
Heimdal, I. 211, etc. 


Northern, 


Deut hle7s. 
Ashtareth alise7 <6. 
Other Astarte, II. 735. 
Gods. Merodach, XXIII. 237. 
Ammon, I. 740. 
Anubis, II. 146. 
Bubastis, IV. 408. 
Baa bet lier acs 
Moloch, XYI. 695. 
Ahriman, I. 424. 
Dagon, VI. 761. 


132 GUIDE TO THE 


Anoukis, II. go. 

eS CO Or aide 3: 

Buto, IV. 590. 

For further references, see the chapter entitled The 
Theologian, page 220, in this volume. 


Il. LEGENDS: 


1. Closely allied to the myths of the gods—in fact, in- 
separable from them—are the legends of the ancient he- 
roes. Allare relatedinthe Avztannica, with now 
Old Greek and then a pertinent inquiry respecting their 
Stories. origin, or a brief discussion concerning their 
interpretation. Here you may find the story 
of Achilles, whose “ vengeful wrath brought woes number- 
less upon the Greeks,” I. 94; of Acis and his love for the 
nymph Galatea, I. 98; of Actzon hunted by his own 
hounds, I. 129; of Adonis beloved by Venus, I. 163; of 
Adrastus and the war of the Seven against Thebes, I. 164; 
of A®acus, famed for his integrity and piety, I. 179; of 
fEgeus, the king of Athens, and of A*gina, the river- 
nymph, I. 180; of A®gis, the buckler of Jupiter, I. 181; 
of A‘gisthus, the traitor, I. 181, and his betrayal of Aga- 
memnon, “king of men,” I. 273; of A‘neas and his flight 
from Troy, I. 182; of Ajax Telamon and Ajax Oileus and 
their bold exploits, I. 432; of fair Alcestis giving herself 
up to death to save the life of her husband, I. 459; of 
Alcinous and his Pheacian people, I. 468; of Alpheus, the 
river-god I. 615, and his adventure with the nymph Are- 
thusa, II. 485; of the Amazonian women, I. 655, brave 
warriors of the Colchian shore; of Amphiaraus, I. 749, 
whose prophetic power did not save him from an early 
death ; of Amphion, I. 774, the sound of whose lyre caused 
stones to move and form themselves into the walls of 
Thebes ; of Amymone and the satyr, I. 782. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 7%} 


This takes us only through the first volume. Of the 
numerous classical legends narrated in the remaining vol- 
umes, it is unnecessary to name all. Any course of read- 
ing on this subject, however, ought to include the following: 

Anchises, the father of Atneas, II. 3. 
oie Andromache, the wife of Trojan Hector, II. 
Classical 
Legends, 22. 
Andromeda, saved by Perseus from the jaws 
of a sea-monster, II. 22. 

Antaeus, giant and wrestler, overcome by Hercules, IT. 
100. 

Antigone, the heroine of one of the most famous of the 
old Greek tragedies, II. 127. 

The Argonauts and their famous voyage in search of 
the Golden Fleece, II. 497. 

Ariadne, the fair maiden of Crete, II. 5or. 

Arion, the Greek bard and player on the cithara, IT. 502. 

Atalanta, the swift-footed huntress of Arcadia, II. 826. 

Atreus, the father of Agamemnon, III. 50. 

Atys, the beautiful shepherd of Phrygia, III. 65. 

The autochthones, aborigines of Greece, III. 141. 

Cadmus, the inventor of letters, IV. 620. 

Calchas, the wisest of soothsayers, IV. 653. 

Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry, IV. 709. 

The centaurs, or “ bull-killers,” fabled as creatures half 
man and half horse, V. 340. 

Cerberus, the three-headed dog that guards the gates of 
Prades..Vie 345: 

Cupid and Psyche, VI. 708. 

The cyclopes, a lawless race of one-eyed monsters, VI. 
744- 

Daedalus, the most famous artisan of prehistoric times, 
VI. 760. 

Daphne, beloved by Apollo, VI. 821. 


134 GUIDE TO THE 


Danaé, the mother of Perseus, VI. 797. 

Danatis and his fifty daughters, VI. 797. 

Deucalion, the Noah of the Greeks, VII. 134. 

Dodona and its famous oaks, VII. 322. 

Echo and her love for Narcissus, VII. 640. 

Elysium, or the abode of the blessed, VIII. 156. 

Endymion, and his perpetual sleep, VIII. 204. 

The Epigoni, sons of the seven heroes who perished at 
iphebes. wy Lila: 

ThetErinyessoreuties, svillleaoas 

ThesPauns six 7e53: 

Ganymede, the cup-bearer of Zeus, X. 72. 

he Giants) X7a5 71. 

Glaucus, the fisherman who became a god, X. 676, 

The Gorgons, X. 784. 

he-Gracesaa\ 1.20; 

The Harpies, XI. 490. 

Hercules, the greatest of the heroes, XI. 725. 

Hero and Leander, XI. 754. 

The Hesperides, daughters of the West, XI. 778. 

Iphigeneia, XIII. 211. 

Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, XIII. 596. 

Hyacinthus, the friend of Apollo, XII. 420. 

Laoco6n, the unfortunate Trojan crushed by serpents, 
DOI Vee202: 

The Lapithae, ancient race of Thessaly, XIV. 300. 

Linus, who taught Hercules music, XIV. 678. 

Medea, the enchantress, XV. 776. 

Medusa, the Gorgon, X. 785. 

Midas and the “golden touch,” XVI. 278. 

Milo, the wrestler, XVI. 323. 

Minos and the Labyrinth of Crete, XVI. 478. 

The Nymphs, XVIII. 688. 

Nestor, oldest of Grecian heroes before Troy, XVII. 354. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 135 


Orpheus, the sweetest of all musicians, XVIII. 51. 
Odysseus, or Ulysses, XVII. 720. 

Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses, XVIII. 468. 
Pelias, king of Iolcos by the sea, XVIII. 474. 
Phaethon, son of Helios, XVIII. 727. 

Theseus, the great Athenian hero, XXIII. 294. 
Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome, XX. 840. 
The Trojan war, XXIII. 584. 


2. Of old English legends intimately associated with 
much that is best in our literature, there are several with 
which every student should be familiar. Among 
English these are the following: 
Legends. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round 
Table, II. 649. 
Lancelot of the Lake, XX. 644. 
Merlin, the wizard, XX. 645. 
Guy of Warwick, XI. 341. 
Sir Bevis of Hampton, XX. 653. 
Godiva, the fair lady of Coventry, VI. 530. 
Fair Rosamond, XX. 848. 
Whittington and his Cat, XXIV. 556. 


3. Of Christian legends, some of the most interesting are: 
DAAC eCilide Ve 2O4- 
Christian Saint Christopher, V. 704. 
Legends, esl ol va ralieen Leese 
Salli icholas, Vill ase: 
Saintalenis,. Vv 11370; 
Boilie CCOniCda A CLV aL74. 
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, X XI. 697. 


4. Of other famous legends the number is too great for 
anything like a complete list to be given. Among those 


1308 GUIDE TO THE 


referred to or narrated in the 4rztannica the following 
may be mentioned: 
Miscella- Adam’s Peak in Ceylon, I. 140. 
neous. The Tower of Babel, III. 178. 
The story of Lohengrin, XXIV. 314. 
Roland, the great French hero, XX. 626. 
The Cid, famous in Spanish story, V. 773. 
OsierethesDancw x ss 
Prester John, King’of Abyssinia, [465 x1 X74 
The legend of Dr. Faustus, LX. 54. 
Legends of Atlantis, III. 27. 
William Tell, XXIII. 155. 
The Beast Epic of Reineke Vos, VIII. 838. 
The Pied Piper of Hamelin, XI. 400. 
The NibelungensLiedy X Viillita74: 
The legends peculiar to different countries are also no- 
ticed in their appropriate places, as: 
Legends of Afghanistan, I. 238. 
Legends of Arabia, II. 255. 
Legends of Central America, I. 703, etc. 


5. Fairy Stortes.—For special article, see VIII. 854. See 
also the following sections, paragraphs, and short articles : 

Fairies, II. 203. 

Brownies, II. 204. 

Fairies in Celtic literature, V. 325. 

Morgan, the Fay, V. 325. 

Oberon, XVII. 704. 


6. Fables.—See special article, VIII. 837. 

Sanscrit fables, X XI. 287. 

fEsop, the Greek fabulist, I. 212. 

La Fontaine, the French writer of fables, XIV. 204. 
Kriloff, the Russian collector of fables, XIV. 148. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 137 


GEO EE Reo ELT 


READINGS IN THE STUDY OF THE SUPERNATURAL. 


“To make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless.’’ 
—All’s Well that Ends Well. 


IN this chapter it is proposed to point out to the reader 
a few of the most interesting articles in the 
Occult 472¢annica relating to supernatural phenomena, 
Sciences. the occult sciences, magic, mystery, supersti- 
tion, etc. No attempt will be made towards a 
classification or logical arrangement of the subjects, nor 
is it possible to present anything approaching to a com- 
plete list of the articles and parts of articles which relate 
directly or indirectly to the supernatural. But it is be- 
lieved that every student will find in these readings matter 
that will afford entertainment, and sometimes instruction. 
Before the era of modern science, the belief in the sup- 
ernatural held a much larger place in the estimation of 
mankind than it is possible for it to holdagain. Alchemy, 
astrology and magic reigned undisputed, and all knowledge 
of whatsoever kind was tinctured with superstition. Let 
us begin our readings, therefore, with selections from arti- 
cles relating to these defunct sciences. 
1. Alchemy has been very aptly described as “the 
sickly but imaginative infancy through which 
Alchemy. modern chemistry had to pass before it at- 
tained its majority.’’ See the very interesting 
article on this subject, I. 459-467. Read also the follow 
ing articles and selections: 
Paracelsus, XVIII. 234. 


138 GUIDE TO THE 


Jakob Bohme III. 852. 

Hermes Trismegistus, XI. 750. 
Alexander of Aphrodisias, I. 486. 
Roger Bacon, III. 218; I. 186. 
Albertus Magnus, I. 453. 
Cornelius Agrippa, I. 418. 
Raymond Lully, XV. 63. 
Arnold of Villeneuve, II. 620. 
The Rosicrucians, XX. 852. 
Aléembic,si477- 


2. Astrology was the forerunner of the modern science 
of astronomy, and, like alchemy, was not altogether un- 
productive of good results. For a general history of this 
interesting subject, see the special article on 
the subject in volume II. 739-743. Also, con- 
sult the following short articles: 

Horoscope, XV. 206, 

Zodiac, Xs LV eas bee Lees 50. 

William Lilly, XIV. 642. 

Nostradamus, XVII. 5096. 

Robert Fludd, IX. 340. 

Johns Decwy.Ll-we2: 

Michael Scott, X XI. 470. 

Girolamo Cardan, V. 90; II. 742. 

Napier’s belief in Astrology, XVII. 183. 
Astrology among the Parsees, XVIII. 325. 


Astrology. 


3. An important article on magic, its history and influ- 
ence, may be found in XV. Igo. 
Mae Magic among Prehistoric Nations, VIII. 623. 
and : A 
Witchcraft, @gyptian Magic, XV. 201. 
Babylonian and Assyrian Magic, XV. 201. 
Greek and Roman Magic, XV. 202. 
Magic among Asiatic Nations, XV. 203. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 139 


Magic in Christendom, XV. 204. 
Divination, or the art of discovering secret or future 
things by preternatural means, VII. 293. 
ea Augury, or the art of discovering through 
Beliefs, Natural signs the will of the gods, III. 72. 
Ordeal, or the medizval method of discover- 
ing the will of God, XVII. 820. 
Demonology, or the influence of spiritual beings upon 
the affairs of men, VII. 60. 
Sorcery, or familiar intercourse with demons, VII. 63. 
Witchcraft, XXIV. 619. (A history of the laws and 
methods by which different nations have attempted to 
suppress this supposed crime.) 
Exorcism, or the means by which evil spirits are ex- 
pelled, VIII. 806. 
Lycanthropy, or the metamorphosis of men into wolves, 
XV. 89. 
The mystical arrangement of letters, called 
Mysticism. Abracadabra, I. 52. 
The mystical word Abraxas, I. 56. 
The mystical ornament or charm, Amulet, I. 780. 
The mystical science, Kabbalah, XIII. 810. 
Beelzebub, TI. 503. 
Evil Asmodeus, II. 714. 
Spirits. Mephistopheles, X VI. 29. 
Faust, the sorcerer of medizval legend, XI. 
54; X. 539. 
Merlin, the wizard of Britain, XX. 645. 
Apollonius of Tyana, philosopher and magician, II. 188. 
Reginald Scot, English writer on witchcraft, XXI. 470. 
Cotton Mather, the New England opponent of witch- 
Craft, 2X. V-031. 


5. The history of the belief in supernatural beings and 


140 GUIDE TO THE 


in supernatural influences may be further illustrated by ref- 
erence to the following articles: 

ANCE SLL ZO Lemos: 
Sha Apparitions, II. 202. 
natural 
rangenees Ghosts) ELg205 so aVee Log: 

Spiritualism, II. 207; XXII. 404. 

Fetichism, II. 45. 
Totemism, XXIII. 467. 
Prophecy, XIX. 814. 
Inspiration, XIII. 154; XIX. 197. 
Second Sight, II. 202. See also Hypnotism, II. 505; 
and Mesmerism, XV. 277. 
The Sibyllines; XX110 13; XIST445-s5eevalsomey eee 
LET. 727 OrachessexVihiecOonme eons 
Apotheosis, II. 199. See also Metempsychosis, XVI. 106. 


6. The popular belief in imaginary creatures, as set 
forth in very many of the classical legends, in 

Imaginary the romances of the Middle Ages, and in the 

Beings. fairy tales and folk-lore of almost every nation 
in the world, is the subject of numerous articles. 

The following are especially noticeable : 

Nymphs, XVII. 688. 

Dryads, VII. 487. 

Fauns, IX. 53. 

Chimera, V. 626. 

Harpies, XI. 490. 

Mermaids and mermen, XVI. 80. 

Griinnye Leos; 

Dragon, VII. 385. 

Were wolves, XV. 89. 

Fairies; Viiiesca: 

Oberon and Titania, XVII. 704. 

Morgana, V. 325. 

Elves, VIII. 855. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. I4I 


lA Bele Ree DX 


THE DESULTORY READER’S COURSE. 


“‘ Read what amuses you and pleases you.” —Aobert Lowe. 
** Adjust your proposed amount of reading to your time and inclina- 
tion.’ —Dr. Thomas Arnold, 


To the person who takes pleasure (and who does not ?) 
in browzing among the good things in books, without un- 
dertaking to read systematically, the Azcyclo- 
Reading sedia Britannica offers advantages which can 
for ; : : 
icseaeeebercerived tromeno other publications Aliecre 
may be found all kinds of literary nuggets— 
readings on all manner of subjects—short articles, long 
articles—anything and everything to suit the demands 
of the hour. You need not attempt to follow any spe- 
cial course of reading—only read that which pleases you, 
and you may be sure that, whatever you may select from 
the Britannica, you cannot fail to be improved thereby. 
If your time is limited, choose something that is brief and 
light ; if you are in a studious mood, take up a subject that 
will make you think, and that will be to your mind what 
brisk exercise is to your body. Among the thousands of 
articles with which you may thus occupy your spare mo- 
ments, the following are mentioned merely as examples: 


I. CURIOUS INVENTIONS, ETC. 


The automaton, III. 142. 
Inventions. The magic lantern (fully illustrated), XV. 211. 
The guillotine, XI. 263. 
Tunnelling, X XIII. 622 (illustrated). 


142 GUIDE TO THE 


Wax figures, XXIV. 460. 
Horn-books, XII. 170. 
Perfumery, XVIII. 525. 
Patchouli, 1209 sup. 

Fire engines, IX. 235. 
Horology, 854 sup. 

Fire works, XX. 134. 
Flying machines, I. 185. 


2. NATURAL CURIOSITIES, SCENERY, ETC, 


The uray. cavetiyw. sco 7 
The Mammoth cave, XV. 448. 
Niagara Falls, XVII. 472. 
Whirlpools, XXIV. 540. 
Whirlwinds and tornadoes, XVI. 129. 
Geysersa5 575 

Glaciers, X. 626. 

Natural gas, IIII sup. 

Giants’ causeway, X. 527. 

id GSN ees os 


Nature. 


III. STRANGE ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 


Prehistoric monsters, XII. 695. 
The ichneumon, XII. 629. 
Dhe dodo-ev L132 1 
The honey guide, XII. 139. 
The sloth, XXII. 161. 
Sea serpents, XXI. 608. 
Mermaids, XV. 89. 
Dragons, VII. 385. 
Chimera, V. 626. 
Harpies, XI. 490. 
Trees. Baobab Tree, I. 268. 
Sacred Fig, IX. 154. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 143 


Upas Tree, XXIII. 859. 
Orchids, XVII. 816. 


IV. CURIOUS CUSTOMS, ETC. 


Deodands, VII. 727. 
Ordeal of Fire and of Battle, XVII. 820. 
April Fool Day, II. 214. 
Curious May Day in Old England, XV. 647. 
Customs. The Morris Dance, XVI. 846. 
Caste, V: 186. 
Clans, V. 799. 
Saturnalia, X XI. 321. 
Exorcism, VIII. 806. 
PULCCOm Owl a7 27 
Fehmic Court (a secret tribunal in Germany, twelfth to 
sixteenth century), IX. 63. 
Pillory, XIX. 95. 
Funeral rites, 1X. 824; burial, IV. 537; embalming, 
VIII. 158; mummies, XVII. 20; cremation, VI. 565. 
The Nile Festival, VII. 727. 


Vedio Loh vYeANDs bBLOGRAPHY, 


History of Flags, IX. 276. 
Guilds, XI. 259-262. 
The Man of the Iron Mask, XIII. 360. 
History of Newspapers, XVII. 42. 
Piracy etx. 110. 

Joseph Scaliger, “the greatest scholar of modern times,” 
wee 202: 

aieevamirable: Crichton,V 1.577. 

Kaspar Hauser, XI. 523. 

A Roman Triumph, XXIII. 577. 

Hypatia, XII. 596. 

Semiramis, X XI. 639. 


Historical. 


144 GUIDE TO THE 


Aspasia, II. 714. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold, II. 480. 

The Spanish Armada, II. 543. 

Great fires: in London, X1V.826% in Chicagowy sane 
INsDOSLON GL Veeiae 


VI. MISCELLANEOUS. 


James Holman, the blind traveller, XII. 103. 
Zerah Colburn, the mathematical prodigy, VI. 
People 
and 480. 
Things. Dwarfs, VII. 567. 
Siamese Twins, XVI. 765. 
Eietedityealess & 
Animal Magnetism, XV. 277. 
Hypnotism, 877 sup. 
The Malthusian Doctrine, XV. 344. 
Darwinism, XXIV. 77-85. 
Cryptography, VI. 669. 
White Magic (sleight of hand), XV. 207. See also 
Legerdemain, XIV. 414. 
Thugs, XXIII. 326. 
Assassins, II. 722, 


PART IIL. 


THE BUSY WORLD. 


145 


(Clava NAN 3.0.¢ 


THE MANUFACTURER. 


** Active doer, noble liver, 
Strong to labor, sure to conquer.”’ 
—Robert Browning. 


FEW subjects engage the attention of so large a num- 
ber of busy men as does that of manufacturing. Who, 
indeed, is not either directly or indirectly in- 
oa terested in the making of things, either by hand 
Consumer. Or by machinery? You may not be a manu- 
facturer yourself, but you are necessarily the 
patron of many manufacturers. You are the consumer 
of the products of various manufacturing industries, 
and very naturally you have a curiosity to know some- 
thing about the processes by which these products have 
been evolved from raw material and made into their pres- 
ent forms of usefulness. The Luzcyclopedia Britannica 
will give you the desired information. 

If you are engaged in some particular line of manufac- 
turing, the Britannica will add to your knowledge con- 
cerning it. It will tell you what are the best materials to 
be used, the most economical processes to be employed, 
and the most desirable qualities to be sought in the prod- 
ucts which you design to manufacture. Besides this, it 
will probably give you a great deal of interesting histori- 
cal information concerning the origin, development, and 
various fluctuations of the business in which you are en- 

147 


148 GUIDE TO THE 


gaged—information which, although not absolutely nec- 
essary to your success, may nevertheless add directly to 
your enjoyment and incidentally to your prosperity. 
This subject covers so wide a field and embraces so 
many different industries that, within our limited space, 
we can do but little more than make bare references to 
some of the most important articles contained in the 477- 
tannica. Let us first notice some of the manufactures of 


TEXTILE PRODUCTS. 


1. Wool and Woolen Manufactures is the title of a spe- 
cial article, XXIV. 653. ‘The first part of this -articleyre- 
lating to the early history of the woolen indus- 
try, will interest every reader. See next the 
article on wool in 1637 sup., where the very lat- 
est information and statistics are given. Now 
read what is said of 

Wool fibre, IX. 133. 

Bleaching of wool, III. 822. 

Dyeing of wool, VII. 571. 

Turn to the illustrated article on TEXTILES, X XIII. 206, 
and read the interesting history there given of the art of 
weaving. 


Wool. 


2. For an account of flax and linen manufactures, see 
LAE DOR: 

The manufacture of linen in England, VIII. 
232; in -Ireland; 11-7143) and -Xhligz. ain 
Scotland Villas eA: 

Cultivation of flax in America, I. 64. 
Bleaching of linen, III. 820. 


Flax. 


3. For a complete history of cotton and cotton manu- 
factures secu V leAo2 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 149 


Cotton in the United States, 824, 666 sup.; in India, 
Ue Aone IN oyptaVveLien7Oo;e700 5. ina brazil, 
IV 227 

Cotton manufacture in the United States, 
Sle esU pat ai Chee Velulee 2Ocg rine eli cids 
XII. 761, 763; in Russia, XXI. 840. 

Bleaching of cotton, III. 812. 

Dyeing of cotton, VII. 576. 

Cotton-spinning frame, II. 541. 

Robert Owen’s improvements in cotton spinning, 
DAV LUIS 7; 

Cotton yarns, XXIV. 731. 

The spinning jenny, II. 541 and VI. 4g. 

The spinning wheel, XXIV. 664. 

Calico, VI. 488, 500. 

Calico printing, IV. 684. 

Ginghams, X. 604. 

Gauze, X. 118. 

aces LV. 132: 


Cotton. 


4. For a history of silk and silk manufactures, see XXII. 
BO, Or: 

Manufacture of silk in the United States, 1429 sup. ; in 
| oyated eyakeyy ANGLES epee Sint Niatebty, NONE! Glew gs: iin 
China wv 2.030080 bh rance ms UXe 520 sine taly: 
XIII. 442. 

Silk in ancient times, X XIII. 208. 

Bleaching of silk, III. 822. 
The silkworm, IV. 596 and XIII. 151. 
Silk from spiders, II. 295. 


Silk, 


5. Miscellaneous. 
Hosiery, XII. 299, and VIII. 233. 
Knitting, XIV. 127. 


150 GUIDE TO THE 


Invention of the stocking-frame, XII. 299. 
Cloth, weaving of, XXIV. 463, 466. 

Other Ancient weaving of cloth, XXIII. 206. 

Textiles, Carpets, V. 127; Persian carpetsjec ee 
‘626+ Turkish; 11. 708; Oriental; Xx) Pai 

Canvas, V. 40; canvas for sails, XXI. 154. 

Straw manufactures, XXII. 593. 

Rope making, XX. 844. 

Twine manufacture, XX. 845. 

Rhea fibre, XX. 506. 


MINERAL PRODUCTS. 


1. Iron Manufactures, XIII. 278. 

Statistics of iron manufacture, XIII. 358; iron industry 
in the United States, XXIII. 813; iron as build- 
ing material, IV. 447; strength of iron, XXII. 
603. 

The Blast Furnace, IX. 840; III. 550. 

Pig-iron, XIII. 306, 284. 

Puddling, XIII. 320. 

Castiron scl liesieme ro: 

Manufacture of steel, XIII. 358; strength of. steel, 
XXIT: 6033 rigidity “of;- VII" 315% *manuiactires ase 
United States, XXIII. 813; use in ships, XVII. 288; use 
in building, 132 sup. 

Nails OV. UUai Gr: 

screws, XX. 552. 

SOCKS s Veer 

Galvanized iron, XIII. 357. 

Foundery operations, IX. 479. 

The casting of metal, IX. 479. 

Rolling mills, XIII. 328. 

Wire, XXIV. 614; strength of, XVI. 65; elasticity of, 
VII. 80, 803; telegraph; -XXJIE 1t4;wireynailseXxcy ole 


Iron. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 151 


166; wire rope, XX. 846; wire netting, XVII. 360; wire 
fences, I. .310. 

Stoves, XXII. 570. 

Iron pipes, ITI. 322. 


2. Copper, VI. 347; copper wire, XXIV. 615. 
Brass (alloy of copper and zinc), 1V. 217; zinc, XXIV. 
784. 
Other inven lL eA OOr strength wor, eX! 1 OO ta 
Minerals. tinplate, XIII. 357; recent discoveries, 439 sup. 
Bronze (alloy of copper and tin), VI. 351; 
early casting of, II. 348; strength of, XXII. 603; bronze 
work, XVI. 71. 
Silver, * L160 -esilver plate; XXII 71 ; silver plate 
works, XIX.178; silvering, XXII. 71; silver wire, XXIV. 
615; use of silver in mirrors, XVI. 501; silver 
Precious lace, X. 753; silversmiths in Rome, II. 366. 
Metals. Gold, X. 740; gold plate, XIX. 178; gold 
Witte eb Vee OLsie folds thread, XX LElao). 
gold lace, X. 753; gold cloth, XXIII. 210; ancient work- 
ers in gold, XXIII. 210. 
See now the chapter entitled 7e AM/tner, in this volume ; 
also The Railroad Man, and The Machintst. 


MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 


Pottery, XIX. 600 ; burning of, XX. 133; glazing, IV. 51. 
Palissy’s pottery, XVIII. 186. 

Wedgwood’s pottery, XXIV. 476. 

Japanese pottery, XIII. 590. 

Indian pottery, XII. 763. 

Kaolin Vel: 

Porcelain, clay for, XIV. 1 and XVI. 424. 

Chinese porcelain, XIV. go. 

Japanese porcelain, XIII. 590. 


Pottery. 


1§2 GUIDE TO THE 


Limoges ware, XIV. 651. 
Sevres ware, XIX. 637. 
Glass, history of, X. 647; Pere at: of, X.650; anneal- 
ing, II. 63; colors of, XXIV. 427; painting on, 
PG 8094 

Venetian glass works, XVII. 48. 

Glass cutting, VII. 167. 

Plate glass, X. 662. 

Window glass, X, 660, 668. 

Glass bottles, IV. 167, and X. 664. 

Mirrors, XVI. 499. 

Improvements in glass making, 439 sup. 

Straw Manufactures, XXII. 593. 

Leather, XIV. 380; artificial; leather XW 

Leather, 391; new process, 980 sup.; shoemaking, X XI. 

Sic: 830. 

Paper Vill 7. 

Papier-maché, XVIII. 228. 

ParchmentyoeV-L Ils 271. 

Linoleum, XIV. 676. 

Tancrusta Ww alten, ely +602) 

Button making, IV. 599. 

Brick making, IV. 280; ancient bricks, XIX. 604, 619; 
glazed brick, XVII. 35. 

Tiles XT E387 LV e262: 

Gutta Perchae tar 

India-Rubber, XII. 835, 839; Goodyear’s inventions, 
760 sup. 

Baskets, III. 421. 

Needles XV Liver 

Pigments—methods of manufacturing paints, XIX. 85. 

Hats, XI. 518; straw hats, XXII. 593. 

GIOVeS eX 002 LV SO: 

Pins, XIX. 97. 


Glass. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 153 


Bans lx. 27. 

Furniture, IX. 847. 

Very interesting are the accounts that are given of some 
of the great manufacturing centres, such as: 

Manchester, the centre of the English cotton industry, 
XV. 459. 

Birmingham, noted for its iron and steel works, III. 780. 

Sheffield, famous for its cutlery, X XI. 785. 

Philadelphia, and its extensive and varied industries, 
OV IIT. 736. 

Pittsburg, and its iron manufactures, 1239 sup. 

Lowell, and its cotton mills, 1027 sup. 

Lynn, famous for the manufacture of shoes, 1031 sup. 

Boston, IV. 72; Newark, XVII. 370; Wilmington, 
XXIV. 589; Birmingham, Alabama, III. 287; and scores 
of other manufacturing cities of similar importance. 

For statistics and other information concerning manu- 
factures in all the principal countries of the 
world, see the appropriate paragraph under the 
name of each country. For example: 

Manufactures and industries in the United 
States are especially noticed in the supplement, beginning 
on page 1560. 

Manufactures in England, VIII. 230. 

Manufactures in Germany, X. 459. 

Manufactures in Arabia, II. 245. 

But the intelligent reader will require no further assist- 
ance from the GUIDE in finding such information. 


Statistics, 


154 GUIDE TO THE 


CHA Pi Riel: 
THE MERCHANT. 


‘“ Many times the reading of a book has made the fortune of a man— 
has decided his way of life.”—A. W. Emerson. 


COMMERCE, in its broadest signification, is traffic in 
goods. This traffic may be ona large scale, or a small 
scale; it may be conducted entirely within one’s own 
country, or it may extend to foreign lands. To the mer- 
chant who is engaged in such traffic, the Encyclopedia 
Britannica affords information which it would be difficult 
for him to obtain’ from any other source. In the first 

place, there is no commodity in which he deals 

Dry that it does not fully describe. If his specialty 

Goods. js dry-goods, he has but to turn to the Arztan- 

nica to learn all about silk, XXII. 56; satin, 
XXIV. 464; calico, VI. 488; gingham, X. 604; woolens, 
XXIV. 653; thread, VI. 502; and the hundreds of other 
articles on his shelves. If he is a grocer, he 
may learn with equal facility all about coffee, 
VIwii10; tearxex il O77, ‘spices, a2X ei gee 
gar, XX. 622; and the numberless commodities 
of his trade. And so, no matter what department of mer- 
chandise may be his, he will find that the pages of the 
Britannica are teeming with information for him. It is 
unnecessary for the GUIDEto specify further in this direc- 
tion. Any desired article having reference to the various 


Groceries, 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 155 


kinds of merchandise may be readily found by consult- 
ing the Index volume. It is rather with the general fea- 
tures of merchandising, or of commerce, that we propose 
to deal in this chapter. 

Every merchant (and thousands of people who are not 
merchants) will be attracted by the very inter- 
esting article on COMMERCE in the sixth vol- 
ume of the Britannica. This article is largely 
historical in character, and embraces, among 

other topics, the following: ° 

Antiquity of commerce, p. 196. 

Free trade in Great Britain, p. 205. 

ants ap. 203: 

Increase of international trade, p. 203. 

Now, as to the antiquity and history of commerce, we 
may learn still more by referring to the chapter on com- 
merce and industry, VIII. 617, and to sections relating to 
trade under the heads of Arabia, Phcenicia, etc. 

For additional information concerning free 

Free trade and tariffs, together with a full discussion 

Trade. of the questions relating to them, see the fol- 

lowing articles: 

PREE-FRADE, LX.:752. 

Customs duties, VI. 729. 

United States tariff legislation, 1473 sup. 

Economic System of Free Trade, IX. 721. 

For the history and present status of international 

trade, see the section relating to trade under the head of 
each country. For example: 

Trade of Algeria, I. 565. 

iracdceotetabia, 11.245. 

Trade of Argentine, II. 495. 

ieracceotritisttiam. | 1-712, etc., etc. 

See also, Imports and Exports, XVII. 247. 


Commerce. 


156 GUIDE TO THE 


For the modes of transporting goods from one place 
to another, read the following: 
Carriers. GarriereV 0.30) 
Garavan, V 353: 

CANALS, IV. 782; ship canals, IV. 787; Panama canal, 
XVIII. 209; Suez canal, XXII. 620; history sctminte 
oceanic canals, g12 sup.; the Nicaragua project, XVII. 
1136; statistics of canals in the United States, 1115 sup. 

Express carrying system, 657 sup. 

Railroads (see chapter in this volume entitled, Zhe 
Ratlroad Many). 

SHIPS (see chapter entitled, The Seaman). 

Shipping of United States, XXIII. 826. 

Among other topics of special interest to the merchant, 

the following are mentioned merely as samples 
Miscella- of the kind of information to be found in the 
neous. pages of the 4ritannica: 
Account, I.o1. 

Adjustment, I. 154. 

Avental: 250. 

American fur trade, 72 sup. 

Arbitrage; Lie: 

Avetave wl lars: 

Bill of Lading, III. 674. 

Bill of sale, III. 674. 

Corn trade, V[o4r3: 

Gottonatrad eave aao 7 

Companys Vie22I. 

Contraband, VI. 320. 

Exchange, VIII. 783. 

excise viliioe7o 

Insurance, XITI0161- 

Silk trade, XXII. 64. 

Trade marks, XXIII. 498. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 157 


Trade unions, XXIII. 499. 

Early history of money, VI. 196; cowry 
shells used for money, VI. 535; wampum, I610 
sup. See also the chapter in this volume en- 
titled Zhe Banker. 


Money. 


For reading in leisure hours there are few subjects 
more interesting than the lives of famous men who have 
achieved success in their respective callings. There have 
been many great merchants whose biographies are well 

worth perusal. Read the accounts given in 
Leisure the Arztanntica, of 
Reading. Sir Richard Whittington, “thrice lord mayor 
Omlsondon, XxXIVes5ss. 

Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, 
XI. 186. 

John Jacob Astor, the great fur merchant of America, 
Lb ve 

Stephen Girard, the merchant philanthropist of Phila- 
delphia, X. 621. 

Robert Morris, the American patriot, XVI. 846. 

George Peabody, merchant and philanthropist, XVIII. 
442. 

The following subjects are also of more than passing 
interest to persons engaged in mercantile pursuits : 

Merchants of the Steelyard, London, XXII. 528. 

The Company of Merchant adventurers, X XI. 826. 

South Sea Company, VI. 221. 

John Law and the Mississippi Scheme, IX. 584; XIV. 
eye 

Hudson’s Bay Company, XII. 333. 

East India Company, II. 7o1. 

Dutch East India Company, X. 186. 

Laws affecting Merchant Seamen, XXI. 650. 


158 GUIDE TO THE 


Crm baU edhe: OOK, 
THE BANKER. 


‘““Seest thoua man diligent in business? He shall stand before 
kings.’’—Proverbs of Solomon. 


IN this chapter it is proposed to point out a few of the 
articles in the Lritannica which relate to the kindred 
topics, money and banking, with a brief notice of national 
finance. 

1. The article entitled MONEY, XVI. 720-738, may 
serve as the starting point and basis of our studies. 
Among other topics it treats (1) of the causes 
which determine the value of money; (2) of 
early forms of currency; (3) of metallic forms 
of money; (4) of coinage; (5) of depreciations 
among various nations and at various times; (6) of the 
production of the precious metals; (7) of various ques- 
tions regarding metallic money ; (8) of the coinage sys- 
tems of continental Europe; (9) of the conflict of standards. 
The arguments for and against bimetallism are briefly but 
clearly stated. 

Read next certain sections of the article on Numisma- 
tics, the science of coins, XVII. 628-661. Here, under 
separate heads, may be found the history of Greek coins, 
page 631; of Roman coins, page 652; of medieval and 
modern coins, page 654; and of oriental coins, page 659. 
Continuing the study of the metallic forms of money, see 
the following : 


Money, 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 159 


Special advantages of silver and gold, XVI. 723. 

Bullion, IV. 518. 

Mints, XVI. 480-490. This article gives a complete 
description of the operations employed in the manufacture 
of gold and silver coins. It also relates the his- 
tory of coinage from the earliest stages of civili- 
zation to the present time. A supplementary 
article, 1090 sup., gives a brief account of the 
mints and coinage of the United States. 

Decimal coinage is treated in a separate article, VII. 20. 
For further questions connected with coinage, see XVI. 
724; also, silver coinage, XXII. 71; comparative value of 
silver and gold, XXII. 73. 

Bimetallism, 284 sup. 

Statement of United States silver coinage, 1432 sup. 

The silver law, 1432 sup. 

World’s annual product of gold and silver, 1084 sup. 

2. The subject of BANKING is treated quite fully in the 
third volume of the Arztannica, pages 315-341. Of par- 
ticular interest is the section (pages 315-317) 
relating to the history of banking. Banking in 
the United States receives special attention in 
a brief chapter, III. 339, and in a carefully writ- 
ten supplementary article, 203 sup. Also in XXIII. 766, 
776. Among other articles are the following: 

Baperecurrency oicthe United States; X XIII 775° 

Savings banks, XXI. 327; savings banks in the United 
States, 1383 sup.; post office savings banks, XIX. 572. 

London bank clearing house, I. 91. 

Clearing house certificates, 476 sup. 

Bills of exchange, ITI. 673. 

Exchange, VIII. 784. 

Rates of exchange, XXIV. 52. 

eRe uesaV css. 


Coinage. 


Banks. 


160 GUIDE TO THE 


Interest, XIII. 188; interest. on bills offexchanges 
usury, XXIV. 17; American law on usury, 1589 sup. 

Broker, V. 360. 

Stock Exchange, XXII. 556. 

3. The term Finance, as used in the Arztannica, has 
reference to the ways and means by which the expendi- 
tures of government, general and local, are met. 
The article under this head, IX. 171-191, deals 
with the history of finance only, and is replete 
with interesting and valuable information. 
Among other topics of a similar character, we shall find 
here the history of TAXATION, IX.171, and of the various 
expedients resorted to by the English government for the 
raising of revenue. 

We are now prepared for the article on Taxation, 
XXIII. 85, and for the brief discussion of taxa- 
tion in the United states; XxX iileso 7 

Income tax, XXIII. 88; Pitt’s income tax, 
TX loys 

Relation of taxation to protection, IX. 755. And this 
brings us to the article on FREE TRADE, IX. 752-762, 
written by Thorold Rogers. Protection in the United 
States is discussed in XXIII. 754, 761, 776. 

NATIONAL DEBT, XVII. 243; of the United 
National States, XXIII. 747; debts of the world’s chief 
Treasury. nations, 553 sup. 

Work and organization of the United States 
treasury, 1505 sup. 

Greenbacks, XXIII. 775. 

Banking system of the United States, III. 203. 

See chapter XXI., The Merchant. 


Finance. 


Taxation. 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 101 


CHAPTERS XXILE 
THE ARCHITECT. 


‘‘ Tf a man read little, he had need to have much cunning to seem to 
know that he doth not.’’—Zord Bacon. 


THE work of the architect is closely connected with that 
of the builder. The end of building, merely as such, is con- 
venience or use, irrespective of appearance; but 
the end of architecture is, so to arrange the 
plan, masses, and enrichments of a structure as 
to impart to it interest, beauty, grandeur, unity, 
power. Building is a trade; architecture is an art. 

The Encyclopedia Britannica is a mine of valuable in- 
formation for the architect. There is scarcely any ques- 
tion connected with the practical application of his art 
which does not receive notice and discussion somewhere 
within its pages. The history of architecture is treated 
with special fulness. The leading article on this subject 
(in volume II. pp. 382-475) isa very complete treatise, em- 

bracing as much matter as is contained in an 

Leading ordinary 12mo book of four hundred pages. It 

Article. is enriched with eighteen full-page plates, be- 

sides nearly one hundred illustrations. Follow- 
ing it is a Glossary of Architectural Terms (especially 
classical and medizval) filling sixteen double-column pages. 
A supplementary article on AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE, 
13I sup., contains a number of designs and plans for mod- 
ern dwelling houses, with much other valuable matter. 

The following are among the numerous subjects of in- 

II 


Definitions. 


162 GUIDE TO THE 


terest which the architect will find fully described or ex- 
plained in the Arztannica - : 

Prehistoric structures, II. 383; ancient remains at Kar- 
nak, V. 118, XXI.51; Cromlechs, VI. 597; ancient stone 
circle at Stonehenge, XXII. 576; tumuli, III. 397; lake- 
dwellings, XIV. 222; crannogs, VI. 562. 

Egyptian architecture, II. 384; pyramids, XX. 122, V. 
582; sphinxes, VII. 772; (the Serapeum, XX 116745 slapy 

rinth, VII. 774; tombs, VII 781, 2Cy Pesan 
History of temples, VII. 786. 
ane Jewish architecture, II. 392; temple of Solo- 
mon, XXIII. 166; of Zerubbabel, XXIII. 167; 
of Herod, XXIII. 168. 

Indian architecture, Il. 394; Taj Mahal, I. 286. 

Assyrian architecture, II. 397. 

Persian architecture, II. 399; Persepolis; X Vil ibcags 
USA ee 2 

Grecian architecture, II. 401; remains at Mycene, II. 
346, XVII. 115; the Caryatides, II. 407; Choragic monu- 
ments, II. 411. 

Three orders of. Grecian architecture, Doric, Ionic, and 
Corinthian, II. 402; Doric, II. 409; Tonic, Li? 417m 
rinthian,«) 407s 700: 

Roman architecture, Il. 414; the Pantheon, XX. 828; 
Colosseum, I. 774; dwellings at Pompeii, II. 420, XIX. 
444. 

Pointed architecture, II. 422; Gothic architecture in 
England, II. 425; in France, II. 429; in Germany, II. 431 ; 
in Spain, II. 432; in Italy, IT. 434. 

Modern Italian architecture, II. 436; St. Peter’s at 
Rome alii lilo 

Modern English architecture, Il. 442; St. Paul’s Ga- 
thedral, XIV. 837; Sir Christopher Wren, XXIV. 689, 
XVII. 442; Ely Cathedral, VIII. 155. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 163 


Saracenic architecture, II. 445; mosques of Baghdad, 
III. 232; of Constantinople, VI. 305; great mosque at 
Damascus, VI. 791; at Mecca, XV. 672; the Alhambra, 
ligt ce ie 

Chinese architecture, II. 448. 

Ancient American architecture, II. 450. 

Present position of architecture, II. 452. 


Among the large number of special subjects relating to 
practice of this art, the following will be found both val- 
uable and interesting : 

Abacus, I. 4. 
Special Abbeys, I. Io. 
Subjects. Aisle, I. 430. 
Almshouses, II. 459. 

mpsen tls 215% 

PAGeAde, cb 1.325% 

mrch el i327. 

Archftrave, II. 459. 

Baluster, II. 461 

Baptistery, III. 352. 

Basilica, III. 412. 

Brackett, 328 sup. 

Campanile, PV: 753. 

Caryatides, II. 407. 

Cathedral, V. 226. 

Chantry, II. 462. 

Gloster, VI. 35. 

Column, II. 462. 

Coping, IV. 464. 

Comice«tl, 462. 

Cupola, VII. 347. 

Dome, VII. 347. 

Dormer Window, II. 463. 


164 GUIDE TO THE 


Entablature, II. 391. 
Fresco, IX. 769. 
Monastery, I. Io. 
Mosaic, XVI. 849. 
Moulding, IV. 487. 
Parapet, II. 469, IX. 421. 


ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS. 


Saint Peter state ollewn laa acs 

Saint Paul’s in London, XIV. 837. 

York Gathedralex \yeg75 0: 

Cathedral of Geneva, VIII. 154. 
Famous The Egyptian Temples, II. 388. 
Buildings. The Parthenon, III. 5. 

The-Atriumy lil so: 

The Colosseum, I. 774. 

The Hindoo Temples, II. 395. 

Jain Temple, 1423: 

The Taj Mahal, I. 286. 

The Grand Mosque and the Kaaba of Mecca, XV. 672. 

The Bastile, III. 4209. 

Lara Jongram, IV. 214. 

Leaning Tower of Pisa, IV. 753. 

Pyramid of Gizeh, XX. 124. 

The Escorial, VIII. 530. 

The Labyrinth, XIV. 179. 

For additional references, see the following chapter 
entitled Ze Builder. For references to articles concern- 
ing the construction of bridges, fortifications, etc., see the 
chapter entitled 7e Angineer, page 182, of this volume, 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 165 


(leben adhe Od Ai 
THE BUILDER. 


** In the elder days of art 
Builders wrought with greatest care, 
Each minute and unseen part: 
For the gods see everywhere.”’ 
—Long fellow. 


THE art of building is in a certain sense supplementary 
to the art of architecture. In its highest application it 
may very properly be called practical architec- 


pe ture. Building, however, is frequently employed 
TCN1-=- . c . 
tecture, When the result is not architectural; and in such 


case it is the exercise of labor to the accom- 
plishment of a certain useful end, and cannot properly be 
styled an art. The successful builder ought to possess 
a scientific knowledge of carpentry, joinery, masonry, 
and all other trades connected with building; and he 
should have a practical understanding of the fitness, 
strength, durability, and resistance of all kinds of mate- 
rials. The Aucyclopedia Britannica offers a vast amount 
of irfformation on all these subjects; it is, in fact, a library 
of useful knowledge for any person engaged in the build- 
ing trades. 

The special article on BUILDING, IV. 446-513, is in 
itself a complete treatise on this subject. Each of the 
various divisions of the builder’s trade is considered 
separately. 


166 GUIDE TO THE 


MASON-WORK, IV. 468. 

Brick, history and manufacture of, IV. 279; ancient 
bricks, XIX. 604, 619; enamelled bricks, VIII. 182; 
glazed bricks in wall-linings, XVII. 35; brick as building 

material, IV. 448; strength of brick, XXII. 

Mason- 0603; brick facings (Roman), XX. 809. 

work, Use of brick in combination with stone, II. 

457- 

Brick architecture in Germany, II. 432. 

Brick laying, IV. 460. 

Mortar, XIV. 647; how mortar is made, IV. 460. 

Calcination of lime, XIII. 296. 

Quicklime, XXI. 166. 

Building stone, IV. 448, 469; strength of, XXII. 603; 
granite, XI. 48, X. 230; sandstone, X.°237; limestonejes 
232; marble, XV.526.. marplesvencer, way dimes: 

Goncretes VI 24aeandshyartce, 

Plaster-work, IV. 504. 

Gements aVee 325. 

Portland cement, IV. 459. 

Hydraulic cement, XIV. 647. 

Stone pavings, IV. 473. 

Paving in bricks and tiles, IV. 466. 

Paving tiles, XXIII. 389. 

Mason’s tools, IV. 468. 

Scaffolding, IV. 457, 468. 

Chimneys and flues, IV. 466. 

Ventilation by chimneys, XXIV. 159. 

Chimney-pieces, IV. 473. 

Sewers and drains, IV. 467. 

CARPENTER-WORK, IV. 476. 

Carpenter’s tools, [V. 476. 

Flooring, IV. 452, 482, 493. 

Partitions, IV. 484. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 167 


Timber, IV. 448; strength of, VII. 816, and XXII. 603; 
shrinkage, IV. 486. 


Kinds of wood used for finishing, IV. 486 b. 
Carpenter Mouldings, Ve 487. 
Work, Sawing, XXI. 343, XI. 437; sawyer-work, 
IV. 476. 
Planing, XI. 437; XV. 155. 
Hanging doors, IV. 491. 
Windows, X. 666, IV. 493; ventilation by, XXIV. 160. 
ROOFER’S WORK, IV. 484, and VII. 347. 
plate, os Wh r27:"streneth of, XXII, Go%- 
slater’s work, IV. 500. 
Shingles, X XI. 346, and II. 473. 
natch, LV Sol: 
Copper, zinc, and tin roofs, IV. 503. 
PLUMBER'S WORK, IV. 502. 
ead PAL 374: 
Lead pipes and gutters, IV. 502. 
Cesspools, tanks, and water closets, IV. 468. 
Gas-fitting, IV. 510. 
PLASTERER’S WORK, IV. 504. 
PAINTER’S AND DECORATOR’S WORK, IV. 510. 
ewer Mural decoration, XVII. 34. 
Painting. Stucco work, XVII. 36, and IV. 507. 
Paper hangings, IV. 512, 
Japanese paper hangings, XIII. 591. 
See also Paints or Pigments, XIX. 85. 
GLAZIER’S WoRK, IV. 509. 
Glass, X. 647; window glass, X. 660; plate 
glass, X. 662. 
Buttyi eX aliros 
Lead work, IV. 509. 
Stained glass, X. 666, 667. 
Pavement lights, IV. 509. 


Roofing. 


Plumbing. 


Glazing. 


168 GUIDE TO THE 


Many other articles of practical value to the builder 
will be suggested to him from time to time, and can be 
found by reference to the Index volume of the J47z- 
tannica. 

A series of plans of houses in the American Additions 
and Revisions, 135 sup., although of more es- 
pecial interest to architects, will also be of value 
to many builders. 

The article on BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS, IV. 513, and 
especially that on loan and building associations, IOI4 sup., 
is full of practical information, not only for the builders 
but for all owners and prospective owners of houses. 

For a short list of famous buildings, see page 164 of 
this volume. 

See also the chapters entitled Zhe Mechanic and The 
Engineer. 


Plans. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 109 


CLEA PARE RaeOCV. 


THE ELECTRICIAN. 


‘‘ Every person has two educations, one which he receives from oth- 
ers, and one, more important, which he gives to himself.’”’—Gzddo0n, 


THE article on electricity in the eighth volume of the 
Britannica, comprises over one hundred pages 
Special —equal in amount of matter to an ordinary 
Article. «I2mo volume of nearly five hundred pages. 
For the sake of non-scientific readers it is intro- 
duced by a brief history of the science, wherein mention 
is made of some of the more striking electrical discoveries 
and of the steps by which our knowledge of the subject 
has advanced to its present condition. In connection 
with this historical sketch the following notices of men 
who have contributed to.the advancement of the science 
will be read with interest: | 
Dr. Gilbert (1540-1603), founder of the science, X. 592. 
: Robert Boyle (1627-91), one of the earliest 
experimenters. 
Otto von Guericke (1602-80), XI. 245. 
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), XVII. 438. 
Francis Hawksbee (1705), VIII. 4.° 
Galvani, X. 48. 
Benjamin Franklin (1706-90), IX. 711. 
Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), V. 271. 
Coulomb (1736-1806), VI. 509. 
Volta, inventor of the voltaic battery, XXIV. 284. 


Historical. 


170 GUIDE TO THE 


Ampere, I. 748. 

Ohm, XVII. 738. 

Michael Faraday, IX. 29. 

A supplementary article on electricity, in the American 
Additions and Revisions, 616-636 sup., gives 

Other an outline of the later discoveries in the science. 

Articles. It is profusely illustrated. 

Electrolysis is dealt with in a comprehensive 
and scientific manner in VIII. 106-114; but this article 
contains but little that will be of interest to the non- 
scientific reader. Other articles or sections, generally of 
a more popular and less technical cast, are the following: 

Electrometallurgy, VIII. 114; electroplating, VIII. 
116; process of electrotyping, XXIII. 703. 

Electro-dynamics, VIII. 105. 

Electrometer, VIII. 117-122. 

Electroscope, VIII. 118. 

Galvanism, X. 48, XVII. 524; the galvanometer, for 
measuring electric currents, X. 49, VIII. 41. 

Magnetism, XV. 219; its relation to electricity, I. 749. 

Electromagnetism, VIII. 66: electro-magnetic engines, 
WoL Taro: 

Accumulator, I. 92. 

Electric batteries, history of, VIII. 92-94. 

Telegraph, XXIII. 112. For invention of telegraph, see 

Guillaume Amontons, I. 746; S. F. B. Morse, 

The XVI. 847; Sir Charles Wheatstone, XXIV. 537. 

Telegraph. Submarine telegraphy, 620 sup.; ocean ca- 
bles, XXII. 281. 

Telegraphs in United States, 1481 sup.; telegraphic 
statistics, 1480 sup. 

Telephone, 1481 sup. See also XXIII. 127 and the bio- 
graphical sketches of Alexander Graham Bell, 242 sup., 
and Thomas A. Edison, 606 sup. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 171 


Electric lighting, XIV. 630; for latest developments, 
see 1007 sup. 
Electric motors, XXIII. 496, 508 ; for latest 
Electric improvements in, see 622 sup. 
Motors. Electric railways, XX. 240. 
Trolley systems for electric motors, 623 sup., 
and XXIII. 494. 
Storage batteries, 627 sup. 
Electric clocks; Vil25- 
Electric fan motor, 633 sup. 
Electric flash process in photography, 636 sup. 
Phonograph, XXIII. 130, 134. 
Police and fire alarm systems, 629 sup. 
Welding metals by electricity, 632 sup. 
Electro therapeutics, 634 sup. 


MAGNETISM, XV. 219. 

The compass, VI. 225. 

Variation of magnetic needle, XV. 220. 
Terrestrial magnetism, XVI. 159. 

Relation of magnetism to electricity, I. 740. 
Magnetic iron ore, XIII. 287. 


ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA.—Lightning, XXIII. 330; 
lightning conductor, XIV. 633. 

Natural laws regulating the frequency of thunderstorms, 
SV le 125. 

The cause of thunder, I. 107. 

Franklin’s experiment with a kite, VIII. 6. 

Connection of lightning with the aurora, III. 92. 

Easy experiments to illustrate electrical laws, VIII. 16. 

Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, III. go. 

Sun-spots and magnetic disturbances, II. 787. 


172 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPTER Xia: 
THE MECHANIC. 


‘‘Do you suppose when you see men engaged in study that they dis- 
like it? No. There is labor no doubt of a certain kind—mental labor, 
but it is so associated with interest all along that it is forgotten in the 
delight it carries in its performance, and no people know that better than 
the working classes.” — Wm. E. Gladstone. 


WHAT constitutes the difference between the good arti- 
san and the bungler? Knowledge and skill. These may 
be attained in some degree by practice in the 


oe handling of tools; but that broader knowledge 
Bungler? Which leads to success, and that more perfect 


skill which wins distinction, can be acquired 
only through diligent study. The mechanic who would 
rise to a higher position in his calling, must learn all about 
the nature of the materials with which he works ; he must 
know what are the best tools to use, and why; he must 
understand the philosophy of the forces with which he 
deals; and he must seek to comprehend the natural laws 
which govern or regulate the operations connected with 
his particular handicraft. This is the kind of knowledge 
which enables the humblest workman to develop into the 
foreman, the manager, the inventor, the skilled artisan. 
Now there is no other printed publication in the world 
which offers the means of acquiring so much of this kind 
of knowledge as does the Encyclopedia Britannica. There 
is hardly a single difficult problem connected with the 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 173 


laws of mechanics or of machinery which is not clearly 
explained in the Lrztannica. There is hardly a knotty 
question with reference to tools, materials, or products 
which is not elucidated or answered in one of these vol- 
umes. The successful mechanic will not always 
Mechanic’s Wait for these difficulties to present themselves. 
Helper. He will study the principles of his trade and 
every detail concerning it, so as to be ready be- 
forehand for all emergencies. Instead of running with 
childish questions to his foreman, he is ready himself to 
give instructions to those who are in need of them. His 
workmanship is of superior character. He is constantly 
improving, while his fellows who work without thought 
remain always on the same level. His greater knowledge 
leads to greater ability. His employer recognizes the 
greater value of his services. Promotion comes to him as 
a matter of course. Success and fortune are waiting for 
him—and all because he has made use of the opportunities 
for self-culture which lie within the reach of every one who 
will take the trouble to secure them. | 

In these days there are so many kinds of handicrafts 
and so many classes of mechanics, that to mark out com- 
plete courses of study with relation to all, would require 
more space than we have at command. But the Ezcyclo- 
pedia Britannica contains a vast amount of valuable in- 
formation concerning every one of them; and it is the 
object of the GUIDE to help you to get at some of this 
information in a methodical way, and thereby make you 
the better able to carry on these studies independently 
and without aid. 

Your first thought, no doubt, will be to turn at once to 
the article MECHANICS, XV. 676; but it will be better to 
leave this article until we have made a study of some of 
the materials and tools with which you propose to work. 


174 | GUIDE TO THE 


In this way we shall gradually approach the difficult 
science of mechanics, and by and by we shall be prepared 
to read portions of this exhaustive article with a more 
thorough appreciation than is now possible. 


THE WOODWORKER. 


Are you a worker in wood? Here area few articles or 
parts of articles which you will read with pleas- 
Wood _ure and profit. 
Work, Lumber, IX. 404. 
Strength of materials, XXII. 594. 
Bending of plank, XV. 744. 
Carpentry, IV. 476. 
Joinery, IV. 485. 
hire 2 
Teak, SOX E163; 
Hemlock, II. 320. 
Spruce £,e220> 
Oak, XVII. 689. 
Pines Xeric: 
Poplars leg 7-s.0a. 
Rosewood, XX. 851. 
Mahogany, XV. 288. 
The early use of tools, VIII. 617. 
The plane, XI. 437. 
The auger, XI. 438. 
Other hand tools, XI. 437. 
Machine tools, XV. 152. 
Turners’ tools, XIV. 324. 
‘Dheshammersexleepe x: 
‘Dhe-Fath@ och Vawcae 
Glue, X. 133 and IV. 489. 
Veneering, XXIV. 138 and IX. 489. 
Varnish, XXIV. gl. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA, 175 


Wood-carving, XXIV. 644 and V. 168. 

American industry in wood working, 1637 sup. 

These are mentioned here simply as samples of the 
numerous articles wherein the wood-working mechanic 
will find practical information concerning the materials, 
tools, etc., of his handicraft. If you are a carpenter or 
builder, turn now to the chapter in this volume entitled 
The Builder, and observe the long and valuable list of _ 
references there given. 


THE METAL WORKER. 


The metal worker will find that most of the above refer- 
ences are of direct importance to him also, and he will 
scarcely be willing to omit any of them from 

Metal his course of reading. Besides these there are 

Work. numerous others which he will regard as having 

a special value, referring, as they do, directly to 
the handicraft in which he is the most deeply interested. 
Here are a few of them: 

Anvil, II. 147, XI. 426. 

Smith-work in building, IV. 510. 

vanealinoy U1.62,and. 1119352: 

Welding—new process, 1396 sup. 

Forge, IX. 412; its history, XIII. 290; forging machines, 
LXV 413. 

Honndtry +t XN 470; 41112355; 

Bellows for smelting ores, XVI. 60. 

Blast furnace, IX. 840; III. 550. 

Tron, X11 278: 

Iron work in architecture, II. 466; XVI. 71. 

Famous iron works: at Barrow-in-Furness, England, 
III. 395; at Stafford, England, XXII. 442; at Neviansk, 
Russia, XVII 360. 

Rolling mills in America, 1352 sup. 


iby fe GUIDE TO THE 


Arms, II, 588; artillery, II. 655; rifles, XI. 282; rifling 
of cannon, XI. 294. (See chapter in this volume entitled 
The Solder.) 

Assaying, II. 724; XVI. 63. 

Boilers for steam engines, XXII. 496; improvement in, 
for abating smoke, XXII. 181. 

DT ASss LV ee IZ. 

Bronze, eLv25 306: 

Copper, VI. 347. (See chapter in this volume entitled 
The Miner.) 

Electro-plating, VIII. 116. (See chapter in this volume 
entitled The Electrician.) 

Metallurgy, XVI. 57. 

Metal work, XVI. 71. 

Steclen ta7o- 

Tube making, IV. 218. 

Valves, XXII. sor. 

Wire, XXIV. 614; wire drawing, IV. 217. 


But there are mechanics who work neither in wood nor 
in metal. Of these, one of the most promi- 

Work nent is the LEATHER-WORKER. For him there 

Leather, are, in the Lritannica, such articles as the fol- 
lowing : 

MeathersechiVanso: 

Tanning, XIV. 381. 

Tannin; XXxitina7: 

Artificial leather, XIV. 391. 

New processes in making leather, 980 sup. 

Shoemaking, X XI. 830. 

Harness making and saddlery, XXI. 142. 

Stamped leather for wall decoration, XVII. 37. 

Morocco leather, XIV. 388. 

Book-binding, IV. 41; XIV. 538. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 177 


Then there is the worker on paper who will find the 
following articles brimful of information : 

Peete A Lleol yee manuiactutew Ole VL 210, 
bleaching of materials, III. 821; ruling, XXII. 
461; American manufacture of, 1193 sup. 

Wallipaperalives lz Lie 38. 

Papier maché, XVIII. 228. 

Paper pulp, 441 sup. 

(See the chapter in this volume entitled 7he Printer.) 

Associations and unions of mechanics and other work- 
ingmen for mutual protection and benefit are variously 
alluded to in the Brztanutca. 

American Workingmen’s Organizations, 960 sup. 

Trade Unions in the United States, XXIII. 786. 

Knights of Labor, 962 sup. 

The Grangers, 668 sup. and 774 sup. 

Union Labor Party, 1252 sup. and 1522 sup. 

Labor Bureaus of Labor, 961 sup. 

Unions. ‘Trade Unions in England, history of, II. 213. 

Unions of Workingmen, XXIII. 499. 

Guilds, XI. 259. 

Trade Guilds and Wages, XXIV. 310. 

Mechanics’ Institutes, III. 779. 

Progress of the Working Classes, XXIV. 312. 

Enfranchisement of the Working Classes, XIX. 352. 

Workingmen’s International Association, XIII. 189. 

Legal relations of workingmen to their employers, 
lve at 70. 

See the references to labor and wages in the chapter 
entitled Zhe Political Economist, page 239, in this volume. 


Paper. 


12 


178 GUIDE TO THE 


GH ATP Ra Xexay Le 
THE MACHINIST. 


‘He that loves reading, has everything within his reach.” — William 
Godwin. 

IN addition to the articles already mentioned in the 
chapter addressed to the Mechanic, the practical machin- 
ist will find a great many others which will be 
of direct and special aid to him in his calling. 
He will want to make a careful study of that 
portion of the article MECHANICS which refers 
directly to the theory of machines, XV. 752. He will 
want to read what is said about their purposes and effects, 
XV. 771. There may be other portions also of the same 
article which will answer troublesome questions or dif- 
ficult problems that come in his way, and to find what 
he needs he should refer to the index to the article, XV. 
749. The article on Machine Tools, XV. 152, will have a 
special value to him; also, he will study such of the fol- 
lowing as have any connection with the particular class of 
machinery in which he is interested, viz.: 

_The STEAM ENGINE, XXII. 473—a very complete and 
comprehensive treatise (fifty-four pages, illustrated) written 
by Professor Ewing of Dundee, one of the most 

Steam eminent of living authorities. Additional mat- 

Engine. ter concerning the invention of the steam en- 

gine by Watts may be found in XXIV. 412. 
The improvements made by Murdock are briefly noted in 
XVII. 53, and those of Trevithick, in XXIII. 554. 


Machines. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 179 


Various applications of the steam engine are described : 
Its use in steamships, XXII. 517, and XXI. 823; its use 
in locomotive engines, XX. 205, 244, and XXII. 537; its 
use in land carriages, VIII. 726; its application to farm 
Machinery elssOs = etc. 

The article HYDRO-MECHANICS, XII. 435; the applica- 
tion of water to mechanical purposes as described in the 

chapter on Hydraulic Machinery, XII. 519. 

Hydro- The hydraulic press, XV. 753, and the beet, 
mechanics. of its invention, IV. 213. 

The description of Montgolfier’s hydraulic 
falvelV 173: 

The description of the hydraulic elevator (lift), XII. 
520, and XIV. 574. 

Of water motors in general, XII. 5109. 

Of water power in mechanics, XV. 773. 

Of water wheels and their action, XIT. 438, 522. 

Of the uses of air in connection with mechanics, read 
the article PNEUMATICS, XIX. 240; refer also to XII. 430, 
445. 

Its special application in eddies is noticed in 66 sup.; 
in the air-washer for extinguishing fires, IX. 681; in the 
pneumatic power-transmitter, XV. 753; in 
pneumatic tubes, XII. 491; in the air engine, 
I. 428; in the air-gun, I. 428; in the air-pump, 
AeVel 20 gall ule 240. 

Of the application of gas to the purposes of machinery, 
see what is said about gas engines, XXII. 523; about the 
physical properties of gases, XIX. 240; expan- 
sion of gases by heat, XI. 574, and XX. 347; 
elasticity of gases, VII. 801; dilation of gases, 
ET 5: 

Then read about the discovery and use of natural gas 
in the United States, XXIII. 813, and 1111 sup. 


Pneumatics. 


180 GUIDE TO THE 


For a list of references relating to applications of elec- 
tricity, see the chapter in this volume entitled Zhe £lec- 
trictan (page 169). 

The meaning of the term horse power, and its applica- 
tion in practical mechanics, is explained in XV. 772, 773; 

and it is still further noticed in XII. 207, and 

Horse XV.715. The significance of the term when 

Power. used in connection with steam engines is made 

clear in XXII. 476, 491. 
There are still other forces which influence the action of 
machinery, and of whose manifestations and laws the ma- 
chinist cannot afford to be ignorant. There is 
Lawsof GRAVITATION, for example, the influence of 
Mechanics. which must always be considered when any 
system of machinery is contemplated. Study 
the article on this subject, XI. 66. 

Then read of the discovery of the general law of gravi- 
tation, II. 755; of the various theories in relation to it, 
III. 64; of gravity in mechanics, XV. 701, 729; and of 
the discoveries of Archimedes concerning the centre of 
gravity, II. 380. 

Still pursuing this line of study, read of the laws and 
effects of adhesion, I. 153; of cohesion, V. 56; and of 
elasticity, VII. 796. i 

The laws of friction must now claim your attention, 
and these you will find very fully treated in IX. 777, 
and XV. 702, 765. The action of friction in connection 
with liquids is described in XII. 482, and with gases in 
DVL OTS! 

The expenditure of energy in the overcoming of fric- 
tion is explained in VIII. 208; and the influence of lubri- 
cants in preventing friction receives attention in XV. 35. 

You are now ready for the article on DYNAMICS, or the 
science which treats of the action of force; and after that 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 181 


for the article on Energy, or the power of doing work, 
VIII. 205. Then read the following: 

MOLCE av Liens ol. 

Motion, XV. 752, 676. 

Momentum, XV. 677. 

Velocity, XV. 681, 769. 

DicolingeViO7O (OX. Viera 6. 

Laws of Projectiles, XXII. 47. 

If you have followed this course of reading faithfully 
you have acquired a comprehensive knowledge of those 
fundamental principles of mechanics which govern the ac- 
tion and modify the effectiveness of all machinery. Much 
of the reading has been difficult—it has required hard 
study to master it all. But now you will understand what 
is meant when it is said that it is the well-informed mind 
no less than the skilful hand that makes the successful 
mechanic. Knowledge never impairs one’s ability to work, 
but it adds to that ability. Of course, knowledge cannot 
supply the place of energy and strength. A good mind 
must be aided by strong arms; a full memory must have 
the support of steady industry, or no worthy success 
can be attained. The best artisan is he who possesses a 
thorough knowledge of the foundation principles of his 
calling, while at the same time he has the trained hand and 
eye and the obedient muscle which can result only from 
long and patient training and experience. 

See now, for further references, the following chapters 
in this volume : 

The Architect, page 161; The Builder, page 165; The 
Manufacturer, page 147; The Electrician, page 169; The 
L[nventor, page 242. 


Dynamics. 


182 GUIDE TO THE 


CHA Palit Rexx ELT? 
THE ENGINEER. 
“Do as I have done—persevere.”—George Stephenson. 


ENGINEERING—the art of designing and constructing 
works—embraces a very wide range of subjects, and the 
different departments into which the profession is di- 
vided do not admit of very strict definition. In this 
chapter it is proposed to indicate a few of the subjects in 
the Lucyclopedia Britannica which have relation to the 
work of the civil engineer. Among these subjects are the 
different branches of mathematics already mentioned in 
another chapter (p. 106). To these may be added the ar- 
ticles: 

Surveying, XXII. 695, and 

Geodesy, X. 163. 

Both of these, aside from the purely technical 
and mathematical portions of which they are 
largely composed, contain much matter of. in- 
terest and practical value. Of other articles 
there are many, but it is necessary here to name only 
a few as examples of the quality of instruction and in- 
formation to be derived from the Arztannica. 

Bridges, IV. 284-341, isa very comprehensive article, with 
numerous diagrams and illustrations. A sup- 
plementary article on the same subject, 340 sup., 
contains an alphabetical list of the principal 
bridges in the world, with descriptive notes of 
those which are of the most recent construction, Many 


Surveying. 


Bridges. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 183 


of these famous bridges are described in separate articles, 
of which the following are examples: 
Brooklyn bridge, XVII., 465. 
Forth bridge, XX. 234. 
St. Louis bridge, XXI. 185, etc. 
Caissons (used in bridge-building), IV. 647. 
River engineering, XX. 571. 
River engineering on the Mississippi, XVI. 520. 
Embankments, VIII. 158. 
Aqueducts, II. 219 (chiefly interesting on account of 
the history which it contains of ancient aqueducts). 
Waterworks, XXIV. 406 (with chapters on 
Water- reservoir dams, conveyance, purification, stor- 
works, age, and distribution). 
Waterworks. of London, XIV. 825. 
Oi Paris} X VIII. 270. 
OieNewasy ork. ov LIF 465: 
Of Glasgow, X. 642. 
Coffer-dams, VI. 114. 
Canals, IV. 782—794 (with diagrams and illustrations). 
Suez canal, XX. 620. 
Canals. Panama canal, XVIII. 209. 
M. de Lesseps, 989 sup. 
Statistics of canals in the United States, 1115 sup. 
Harbors, XI. 455-465 (with numerous dia- 
grams). Supplementary article relating spe- 
cially to the harbors of the United States, 815 
sup. 
Docks, XI. 465-472. 
hoOadsee 43552 construction of. roads;s page, ayc2:; 
stone pavements, page, 584; wood paving, page 
Roads. 583; asphalt paving, page 586. 
Niel orasroady NL Lisa 5. 
Macadam, the Scotch road-maker, 1032 sup, 


Harbors. 


184 GUIDE TO THE 


Railways (see chapter entitled Ze Ratlroad Man, in 
this volume). 
Lighthouses, XIV. 615; the Eddystone tower, 
Light- page 615; other famous lighthouses, page 616; 
houses. modes of construction, page, 617; beacons and 
buoys, page 625. 
Irrigation, 2clILe202¢ aL Siuci. 
Sewerage, construction of sewers, X XI. 713. 
Sewerage of London, XIV. 826. 
Oi Paris Xai so: 
Fortifications, IX. 421-468 (a comprehensive 
Fortifica- treatise, illustrated with numerous diagrams 
tion. and plates). Especially interesting, even to non- 
scientific readers, is the history of improvements in per- 
manent fortifications, pages 440-442, and the chapter on 
the fortification of capitals, page 466. So also is the ac- 
count of the siege of the citadel of Antwerp, IX. 458, and 
of the defence of Dantzic, IX. 458. 
Other valuable articles are such as relate to: 
Societies of Engineers, X XII. 226. 
Amalgamated Society of Engineers, XXIII. 50. 
Naval Engineers, duties of, XVII. 95. 
Miscella- Royal Engineers in the British Army, II. 579. 
neous. Strength of Materials, XXII. 592. 
Gunnery. 1] 207. 
Artillery 1EsGyse 
Telegraphy, X15 622: 
Shipbuilding, X XI. 809. 
See also the chapters entitled The Buztlder and The 
Machinist, in this volume. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 185 


Ole WeV MOO DOGS 
THE FARMER. 


‘* Life in the country is full of practical teachings which richer folk 
are apt sedulously to deny totheir children.’’—A Sussex Jdyl. 


‘‘Compare the state of that man, such as he would be without books, 
with what that man may be with books.” —Lord Houghton. 


FARMER A and Farmer B are neighbors. Their lands 
join, and each has the same number of acres. Twenty 
years ago, when they entered upon these lands, they 
seemed to be on an equal footing in every way. It would 

have puzzled an expert to tell which of the 
A Common farms had the best soil, or which was the most 
Illustration. favorably situated for the purposes of agricul- 

ture. Both men were industrious, although 
everybody said that Farmer B was the harder worker of 
the two. Yet, from the very start, Farmer A had always 
the best success. His crops were better, the products of 
his farm were of a finer quality, he had fewer losses and 
fewer expenses, and, in short, everything prospered with 
him. But Farmer B, in spite of all his industry, fell con- 
stantly behind. His lands became less and less fertile 
every year. His crops failed, his stock died, every enter- 
prise seemed to end in disappointment or disaster. 

Now, how can we account for the difference in the for- 
tunes of these two men? We cannot explain it by say- 
ing that one was born to good luck and the other to 
misfortune. It isto be explained in this way: Farmer A 


186 GUIDE TO THE 


spared no pains to acquire a thorough knowledge of his 
calling. He was a reader of books, and through them he 
availed himself of the experience of others in 


Os every department of agriculture. On the other 
Educated : : 
Farmer, hand, Farmer B placed his entire dependence 


in industry alone; and, in the conduct of his 
business, he had only his own narrow experience to guide 
him. 

The day of guesswork in farming has passed. In every 
detail of the farmer’s calling, knowledge counts for gain. 
Other things being equal, the land-worker who keeps - 
abreast of the timeshas an immense advantage over him 
who is content to plod along in the footsteps of his an- 
cestors. 

Tothe progressive farmer, the Eucyclopedia Britannica 
is a mine of useful knowledge. Containing information 
of the most thorough and trustworthy kind concerning 
every department of his business, it proves itself to bea 
ready helper and adviser on all occasions. 

The general article on AGRICULTURE, I. 291-416, isa 
comprehensive treatise, covering 125 pages, in which 
every farmer will find much that is both interesting and 
profitable. Of especial value to American agriculturists 
is the supplemental article in the American Additions 
and Revisions, 59-64 sup. To the curious farmer who 
would like to know how the work of his craft was done 

in olden times, the chapter on Ancient Hus- 

ee bandry, I. 291-295, will be full of interest. The 

General, ‘elative advantages of “Small Farming” and 

“Large Farming” are discussed in I. 411-412, 

and XIV. 268. And this introduces us to a highly inter- 

esting article on LAND, its ownership, distribution, etc., 
XIV. 259-271. 

An article on HOMESTEADS, XII. 122, contains com- 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 187 


plete information concerning the Homestead Law in the 
United States, and the pre-emption of claims on gov- 
ernment lands, XII. 123 b.” The farm-seeker who finds 
it necessary to lease, instead of buying, or otherwise be- 

coming the owner of his farm, will obtain much 

Land valuable information from the article on LAND- 
Owning. LORD AND TENANT, XIV. 272-278; he will be 

interested, too, in reading the chapter on 
Tenure of Land, [. 406 b’, and the article on Rent, 
XX.402. The land owzer will also find many things of 
interest in these articles, and he will want to read still 
more of the history of land ownership in AGRARIAN 
LAWws; 15287 a. 

The chapter on Farm Buildings, I. 308, will save many 
a farmer much more than the cost of an Eucyclopedia ; 
that on Fences, I. 309, is also replete with 
valuable suggestions.. Not many farmers have 
to build bridges, but such as do will find some- 
thing of interest to them in 343 sup.. The 
building of Fruit Houses is described in XII. 223 a”, and 
of Plant Houses in XII. 221 a”. 

Next to the subject of buildings, that of implements 
and tools is of importance to every farmer. 
These are described in detail and at length in 
the chapter on Machines and Implements of 
Husbandry, I. 311-328. 

The successful farmer must also know something about 
soils. He will find this subject treated in a general way 
in I. 306; the chemistry of soils is noticed in 
XIV. 567 b”; the soils best suited for gardens, 
in XII. 217, 232; while the manner in which 
different kinds of soils were originally produced 
is described briefly in X. 265. 

Closely connected with the latter subject is that of fer- 


Buildings. 


Tools. 


Soils. 


188 GUIDE TO THE 


tilizers. Read what 1s said of Fertilizers)" a2teeou 
Manures, I. 342, and XJI:-232; of theivaltiezo: 
Bone Manure, I.-347, of Lime, 12 350j;enamos 
Artificial Manures, I. 353. Then turn to the 
special and very valuable article on MANURES, 
XV. 505-512, and to that on Guano, XI. 233: 

In some parts of the country irrigation is necessary to 
the production of crops. Farmers in such sections will find 
it profitable to read the general article on IRRIGA- 
TION, XIII. 362, and perhaps also that which is 
said about irrigation by sewage, XXI. 512. It 
will also be interesting to read about the curious 
methods of irrigation practiced in other countries. For in- 
stance, the methods pursued in Egypt, VII. 707; in Arabia, 
II. 244 a; in India, XII. 754; and in Spain, XXII. 299. 

After soils, and the preparation of the ground for crops 
(see I. 328-340), we come to the crops themselves. A 
long and valuable article on WHEAT, XXIV. 
531, is worthy of every farmer’s attention. In- 
dian corn is described under the head of MAIZE, 
XV. 309. An interesting history of the potato 
is given in the general article Potato, XIX. 594, while 
specific directions as to its culture are to be found in XII. 
286 a. The diseases of the potato are described in XIX. 
596, while the history and nature of the potato-bug are 
given in VI. 134 a. Passing now to other grains and veg- 
etables, you will find each treated in its appropriate place 
—for example: Barley, III. 376; Oats, XVII. 696; Flax, 
LX 2035 eblenio axl a04 2 

The special- article on COTTON, VI. 482, is interesting 
and exhaustive. For further information concerning the 
growth of cotton in the United States, see X. 435 and 
XXIII. 824. See also the reference to textile fabrics in 
this volume, page 148. 


Fertilizers. 


Irrigation. 


Crops. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 189 


Growers of rice will turn to XX. 538, and they will also 
find pleasure in reading how this grain is cultivated in 
various countries—in India, III. 248, 568; in Japan, XIII. 
574: in Java, XIII. 603; and in Madagascar, XV. 172. 

The culture of tobacco in the United States receives 
due attention in XIV. 43, in XXIII. 824, and in XXIV. 
260. 

Interesting facts concerning the history and nature of 
the weed are given in the general article on TOBACCO, 
XXIII. 424. | 

The farmer who cares for statistics relative to the pro- 

duction of FARM PRODUCTS, will find a great 
Statistics. deal of trustworthy information in the article 

on Agriculture, 59 sup., as well as in the chapter 
on Agriculture in the United States, XXIII. 324-829. 


Has the farmer any enemies? Yes, many of .them, 
and the successful agriculturist will arm himself against 
them by becoming acquainted with their character and 

habits. The article on INSECTS AND INSECTI- 

Insects. CIDES, XIII. 904, will be found to be of great 

practical value. If you would recognize a 
friend also, read what is said of the ICHNEUMON FLY, 
XII. 699. It might be well, too, to read about the TRI- 
CHINA, XXIV. 206 and 1507 sup. Vine-growers will find 
several matters of practical interest in the section relating 
to the diseases of the vine, XXIV. 238. 

There is a still further endless variety of topics which 
will claim the attention of the successful farmer. If he is 

interested in the production of hay, he will 

Miscella- want to read the articles on GRASSES, XI. 53, 
neous. and 777 sup; if he cares for honey, he will see 
what is said about BEES, III. 484; if he has 

more apples than he can eat or sell, he will learn all about 


190 GUIDE TO THE 


CIDER, V. 775; if he owns chickens or ducks or geese, he 
will want to know how to make them profitable, and will 
read the article on POULTRY, XIX. 644. In fact, the 
number of subjects of this kind is so large that it is im- 
possible here to enumerate them. 
And now, Mr. Farmer, are you a gardener or a fruit 
grower? Turn to the next two chapters in this book, 
and notice the references which are given 
Further there. You may not bea stock raiser, in the 
References. strictest meaning of the word, but we know 
that you want to have the best breeds of horses 
and cattle and swine, and, in the care of them, to avail 
yourself of the knowledge and experience of others. And 
so we refer you to the chapter entitled the Stock Razser, 
page 198 of this volume. 
Are you interested in what farmers are doing in other 
countries? Do you want to know what kind of soil they 
have, what grains they raise, what implements 
ee they use? Do you care to learn about their 
Countries. modes of living, or about the profits which they 
derive from their labor? You will find just 
such information in the Brztannica. Look under the head 
of the country which you haveinmind. For example you 
will find 
Agriculture in Austria, III. 119. 
Agriculture in Afghanistan, I. 232. 
Agriculture in Arabia, II. 244. 
And so with almost every country in the world. 
Are you interested in coédperation with others of your 
calling? Read what is said about FARMERS’ 
Co-operaa ORGANIZATIONS, 668 sup.; about agricultural 
tion. codperation, I. 416; about Codperation in 
general, VI. 339; and about communities in 
Europe and America, V1. 218, 219. The chapter on the 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. IgI 


Education of Farmers, I. 408, is worthy of attention, and 
the article on LABOR, XIV. 165, is of no little importance. 
Here, then, we have indicated enough reading to occupy 
your leisure moments for many aday. And as you pursue 
the study of these subjects, other topics will naturally fall 
under your eye, and you will see how inexhaust- 
Conclusion, ible is the fund of knowledge before you. Can 
any one now pretend to say that the farmer 
who has made this knowledge his own, will not be vastly 
more successful in all the departments of his calling than 
his neighbor whose information is limited to that which he 
has acquired through personal experience alone? The 
Encyclopedia Britannica is a farmer’s library in itself, cov- 
ering every division of agricultural lore; and its articles, 
being the work of specialists, are not only complete and 
comprehensive, but in the highest degree trustworthy and 
authoritative. 


192 GUIDE TO, THE 


CITA BR ReOXe: 


THE GARDENER. 


‘He that lives in his own fields and the habitation which God hath 
given him, enjoys true peace. Nothing should hinder him from the 
pleasure of books.’’—Antonio de Guevara, 1540. 


AS a matter of course the gardener’s interests are, toa 
large extent, identical with those of the farmer. Every 
successful gardener must know a good deal about soils, 
fertilizers, the preparation of the ground, implements and 
farm machinery, and many other subjects connected with 
that larger branch of agriculture generally called farming. 
And so, Mr. Gardener, if you have come to that store- 
house of knowledge, the Excyclopedia Britannica, for in- 
formation which will help you in the practice of your call- 
ing, we would advise you to turn to some of the articles 
which we have just named in the chapter for the guidance 
of the farmer (see page 185). When you have obtained 
such information as you wish upon the subjects therein 
mentioned, you will be all the more ready to profit by the 
courses of reading and reference which are now to follow. 

The general article on HORTICULTURE, XII. 211-295, 
will of course claim your first attention. This is a very 

comprehensive chapter, and contains as much 
Gardening ‘ 
en matter as an ordinary 12mo volume of three 
General. hundred and fifty pages. Some portions of the 
article may be of greater value to you than 
others. Turn to the Index on page 295 and see what it 
contains that is of special interest to you. | 
The chapter on the Formation and Preparation of the 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 193 


Garden, XII. 217, contains some valuable, practical hints. 
That on Garden Tools, XII. 233 b; that on Plant Houses, 
XII. 221 a; and that on the Propagation of Plants, XII. 
234 b, will also be found rich in suggestiveness and in di- 
rect information. 

Is yours a flower garden? Read the chapter on the 
Flower Garden, XII. 247 a; that on Kinds of Flowers 

to Cultivate, XII. 248 b; that on Greenhouse 

The Flower Plants, XII. 261 b; the article on GRAFTING, 

Garden. 771 sup.; that on CUTTINGS, 531 sup.; and the 

chapter on Pruning, XII. 241. The following 

articles and parts of articles are worthy, as you will at 
once perceive, of the attention of every florist and of every 
lover of flowers. 

History of the first attempts at the classification of 
plants, IV. 79 a. 

The story of Linnaeus, XIV. 671, and his classification 
of plants, IV. 79 b. 

The account of Robert Brown, the inventor of the nat- 
ural system of classification, IV. 81 a”, and IV. 385. 

The chapter on Structural Elements of Plants, IV. 83. 

The special articles on the ROSE, XX. 850, and 1354 sup. 

Then there are innumerable special articles on the dif- 
ferent kinds of flowers, all of which may be found by 
reference to the Index volume. Among these articles it 
may not be amiss to call attention to the following: 

Lily, XIV. 643. 

Gladiolus, X. 632. 

Geranium, X. 4309. 

Dahlia, VI. 763. 

Pansy, XVIII. 214. 

Phlox, XVIII. 798. 

Honeysuckle, XII. 140. 

Hollyhock, XII. 102. 

13 


194 GUIDE 10 THES; 


Hyacinth, XII. 4109. 

Mignonette, XVI. 2809. 

But it is unnecessary to name more. These are men- 
tioned only as examples of many articles which lovers of 
flowers will take pleasure in finding and reading. | 

There are articles on wild-flowers too, such as Ranuncu- 
lus (buttercup), XX. 272; Violet, XXIV. 2415 0Daisygava. 

773; and scores of others. And in the general 

Wild article on BOTANY, JV." 70, theirestce ie 

Flowers. habits, and growth are treated and described 
from a scientific standpoint. 

If you are interested in Landscape Gardening, see the 
article on that subject in 967 sup., also the article on 

LAWNS, 977 sup., and that on the PARKS OF 
Landscape THE WORLD, 1198 sup. Some curious histori- 
Gardening. cal facts in relation to the subject may be 

found by reference to the article Labyrinth, 
XIV. 180 a”. The article ARBORICULTURE will also sup- 
ply some useful hints; and the account of the Royal Bo- 
tanical Gardens at Kew, XII. 153, will be found interesting. 

The VEGETABLE GARDEN 1S described in XII. 278; and 
the different kinds of vegetables profitable for cultivation 

are noticed, each in its appropriate place. See 
eae what is said about the Potato, XIX. 593, and 
Garden. I. 364, about its diseases, XIX. 596, and about 

its most destructive enemy, VI 134) ihe 
manner of raising other root crops, such as turnips, man- 
gel-wurzels, carrots, parsnips, cabbages, kohlrabi, etc., is 
described with some minuteness in the chapter beginning 
on I. 346. All the common vegetables raised in the gar- 
dens receive notice in the 4rztannica, each in a special 
article under its own name. 

See also the references in the chapters entitled The 
fruit Grower, page 195, and Lhe Woodsman, page 292. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA, 195 


EleVsde ION 2.0.0.4 0 


THE FRUIT GROWER. 


‘““They shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree.””— 
The Book of Micah. 


““You only, O books, are liberal and independent. You give to all 
who ask, and enfranchise all who serve you assiduously. Truly, you 
are the ears filled with most palatable grains—fruitful olives, vines of 
Engaddi, fig-trees knowing no sterility ; burning lamps to be ever held 
in the hand.’’—Aichard de Bury. 


FOR the fruit grower, be he farmer or gardener, there is 

to be found in the 47ztannica a great variety of practical, 
useful information. As to soils, fertilizers, irri- 

The gation, and other subjects of general interest to 

Orchard. all cultivators of the ground, it may be well to 
consult the references already given in our chap- 

ter for The Farmer (page 185). In the first volume of the 
Lritannica, page 284, there is a short chapter on Orchard 
Culture, which will repay the reading. An extensive list of 
standard FRUIT TREES, with descriptions of the best vari- 
eties, may be found in XII. 269, and should be marked for 
ready reference. Further descriptions of fruit and fruit 
trees are presented in special short articles under appro- 
priate headings, for example: 

pple, 11.211 > the culture of apples for cider, V..773. 

Apricot, IT. 214. 

Peach, XVIII. 442; the peach house, XII. 224; peaches 
in the United States, 1213 sup. 

Pear, 20V IIT A4s: 

Plum, XIX. 230; American varieties, 1246 sup. 


196 GUIDE TO THE 


Prune, 2s, 230, 

Quince, NX APIo2. : 

The article on Strawberries, XXII. 592, is interesting 
and valuable. So also are those on other small fruits: 

Raspberries, XIII. 276. 
Small Cranberries, VI. 45, and XII. 270. 
Fruits. | Whortleberries, XXIV. 556. 
Currants; Vilwgis, and ecll27o: 

The culture of grapes receives the attention which its 
importance deserves. See the practical chapter on vine- 
yards, XII. 277; also the special articles on the 
Vine, XXIV. 237, and: 1605¢S0p.— s bicmtaes 
named article relates particularly to grape cul- 
ture in the United States. The manufacture of 
wine from grapes is described fully in XXIV. 602. 

The wines of different localities are referred to else- 
where, as: 

Canary wine, IV. 797. 

Catawba, V. 219. 

Madeira, XV. 178. 

Wiirtemberg, XXIV. 7o0. 

Fruit houses, for the storing of the products of garden 
and orchard, are described at length in XII. 223. The en- 

tire article on HORTICULTURE, XII. 211-295 is 

Fruit of value to the fruit grower, and should be 

Houses. read and frequently consulted. 

See also the account of the societies that have 
been formed for the promotion of horticulture, XXII. 225. 
Tropical fruits are noticed, and described at length. 
Some of the best known are: 
Tropical The date palm, VI. 831. 
Fruits, Vheshoutreemigscel 5 see UN sis 
Banana, III. 307. 
BreadelriitlyeeeAte 


Grapes. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA, 197 


Lemon, XIV. 437. 

Orange, XVII. 810. 

Pine Apple, XIX. 106. 

Pomegranate, XIX. 441. 

Other articles which commend themselves, not only to 
fruit growers, but to large numbers of gardeners and farm- 
ers as well, are the following: 

Grattino x lle 213,236. 

Care of Budding, Sh 237; XX 423. 

Trees, Pruning, XII. 214, 241. 

Garden Trees, XII. 260. = 

Insects and Insecticides, 904 sup. 

Mildew, XVI. 293. 

Diseases of Vines, XXIV. 238. 

In the chapter entitled 7e Woodsman, in this volume, 
the fruit grower may find numerous further references to 
trees, their culture, propagation, and uses. Many of these, 
if he will take the pains to consult them, may prove to be 
of genuine value to him. 


198 GUIDE TO THE 


GHAT Thee xo 
THE STOCK RAISER. 


‘‘ The man who has studied a subject is on that subject the intellectual 
superior of the man who has not.’”’—Zarl Lytton. 


THE interests of the stock raiser are in many respects 
identical with those of the farmer. Indeed, most farmers 
are stock raisers, and most stock raisers are by necessity 
also farmers. Hence, the references and readings indi- 
cated in this chapter are intended for the help and guid- 
ance both of farmers and stock raisers, and of 
all readers of the Lrztannica who are in any 
way engaged in the breeding or care of domes- 
tic animals. 

Read the article Breeds and Breeding, IV. 244. Then 
see what is said of the breeding of animals, I. 389, 393, 
and XXI. 722. 

The article on the HORSE, XII. 172, is a comprehensive 

one of great value to every horse owner. This 

The is supplemented by some later facts in the 

Horse. American Additions and Revisions, 856 sup., 

and by further information regarding the breed- 
ing and rearing of horses, I. 384. 

The statistics of horse raising in the United States are 
given in 1577 sup. 

For the Arabian horse, see II. 240. 

For the Persian, XVIII. 625. 

For the Clydesdale, XIV. 251. 


Breeds. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 199 


For the diseases of horses, see XXIV. 201, 204. 

The art of horse-shoeing is described in 858 sup., and 
briefly noticed in XXI. 331 and XVII. 166. 

A special article on CATTLE, V. 244, is interesting for 
its historical information. The chapter on 
Bovide, XV. 432, has a strictly scientific value. 

The breeding of cattle is discussed in I. 387. 

Fer the diseases of cattle, see XV II--57, and 
XXIV. 204; also I. 304, and V. 589. 

The dairyman will read of the management of milch 
cows, I. 390. He will be especially interested in the long 
article on the DAIRY, VI. 768; in the articles on Milk, 
Bo VileeOire Dutter, CV. 500 ;>"and Cheese; V.2455.) He 
will also read what is said of the freshness and purity of 
milk, 1079 sup., and the directions for its treatment in the 
dairy, XIV. 304. 

The influence of cattle shows, I. 390, is another subject 
which will claim the cattle-breeder’s attention. 

The article on SHEEP, XXI. 784, is one of much value 
to all who have the care of these animals. The 
breeding and management of sheep are further 
discussedwin le3or.andeLV. 200: 

For South Downs, see XXII. 725. 

For. Merinos, XXII. 300. 

HorsWorsetsenV Les 712 

The diseases of sheep are described in XXIV. 204, and 
pool Ls 30; 

The proper method of shearing is described in I. 306. 

And in this connection the very interesting article on 
WOOL, XXIV. 653, should be read, together with the sup- 
plementary article on American manufacturers of wool, 
1637 sup. 

The American wool-grower will also be interested in 
what is said of wool-growing in Australia, III. 114. (See 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


200 GUIDE *TO THE 


also the references to Textile Products, in this volume, 
page 148.) 
Hogs are treated historically and scientifically in the 
article on SWINE, XXII. 773, and notes concerning their 
_ breeding and management are given in I. 400. 
Hogs. Their diseases are described in XXIV. 205, 
206, and XVIII. 270. 

Poultry is the subject of a valuable article, XIX. 640, 
wherein the various breeds of fowls are described at length. 
This is supplemented by an article on FOWLS, IX. 491. 

The management of poultry receives special 
Poultry. attention in I. 4ol. | 
Some interesting facts about eggs are given 
in VII. 201, and VII. 606. 

The goose is noticed in a special article, X. 777, and 
the duck in VII. 505; while the turkey is described at 
length in XXIII. 657. 

Of course the subject of foods and feeding is one in 
which the stock raiser and farmer are always interested. 

The subject of pastures and pasturage is intelligently 
discussed in I. 370, and I. 402, and is worthy of the care- 
ful attention of every stock raiser. 

Some account of American grass crops for pasturage 

is given in 62 sup., and the cultivation of 
Pasturage. American grasses is the subject of an article 
in 777 sup. 

For the culture of HAY, see I. 378. 

The various grains, vegetables, etc., used in feeding 
domestic animals, have already been referred to in our 
chapter for The Harmer. 

Other domestic animals, not mentioned in this chapter, 
are treated of, each in its proper place. But the care of 
them cannot properly be said to belong exclusively to the 
stock raiser or the farmer, See the Index volume, 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 201 


CI Eolete hex ee EE 
THE LAWYER. 


*€ Read, and you will know.’’—Sir William Jones. 
‘Reason is the life of the law.”—Sir Edward Coke. 


WHO is there who does not need to know something 
about law? It is, of course, not to be presumed that 
every man can be his own lawyer, for there are times 
when the advice and assistance of trained members of the 
legal profession are indispensable. Nevertheless, there 
are certain legal terms and processes with which every 
person ought to be familiar. Questions are constantly 
arising concerning various matters connected with the 
operation and enforcement of the laws; and it frequently 
happens that much depends upon one’s ability to answer 
these questions readily and correctly. You might not deem 
it worth your while to consult a professional lawyer about 
such matters, and yet if you should have a book at hand 
to which you could turn at once for the desired informa- 
tion, you would not remain in ignorance concerning them. 

The man who has a law library, however small, has often- 
times no little advantage over the man who has neither 
the library nor the legal education. The Excyclopedia 
Britannica is itself, within certain limits, an extensive libra- 

ry of legal lore, wherein every important sub- 

ALaw ject connected with this branch of knowledge 

Library. receives appropriate attention. To the man of 
business it is better than a law library, because 
he can refer to it so much more readily.’ Then, too, its 


202 GUIDE TO THE 


articles have none of that redundant verbiage which so 
often makes the ordinary law-book so tiresome and un- 
satisfactory. They crystallize the topics. They show the 
gift of brilliant minds in making principles clear above 
everything else. 
To the young man who is desirous of following the pro- 
fession of law as the business of his life, these 
Law articles are worth many times the entire cost of a 
Students. set of the brztannica. The student who makes 
himself thoroughly familiar with all these articles 
in their proper sequence, will know more law than many 
a graduate from our law colleges. Almost any man of in- 
telligence, by following the courses of reading here indi- 
cated, may lay the foundations for a successful legal career. 
1. Read the special article on LAw, XIV. 354; which is 
of itself ‘as good as a condensed Blackstone.” 
Historyof Then read the supplementary chapter on the 
Law.~ same, 976 sup. 
The origin of law, VIII, 624. 
Jewish sacred law, III. 634; XVI. 860. 
Laws of Lycurgus, XXII. 370. 
Platovon aw. <1 Ae 10; 
Roman law, XX. 269. 
Roman schools of law, XIV. 164. 
Justinian’s codification, XIII. 792; VI. 105; XX. 712. 
Mohammedan law, XVI, 591, 594. 
Salic: and‘other* barbarian lawsse wee es 
Early English law, VIII. 276. 
Inns of court, XIII. 87. 
Administration of law in England, VIII. 261. 
English codes of law, VI. 104. 
Common law, VI. 208. 
Constitutional law, VI. 300. 
Criminal law, VI. 587; IX. 124. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 203 


International law, XIII. 190; X. 161; XII. 152; g11 
sup. 

Ecclesiastical law, VII. 627. 

Canon law, V. 15; XIX. 499; V. 551. 

Agrarian laws, I. 287. 

Martial law, VI. 517. 

Military law, XVI. 295; IV. 587. 

Riparian laws, XX. 565. 

Sea laws, XXI. 580. 

odes. V 1-104. 

Codes of Roman law, XX. 710. 

Code Napoléon, IX. 614; XVII. 205, 

Laws of the United States, 976 sup. 

Jurisprudence, XIV. 354. 


2. There are few biographies more entertaining than the 
lives of the following GREAT LAWGIVERS and eminent 
men of law: 

Moses; env [2860 7 ex lll 367: 
ane Confucius, VI. 258. 
‘Buddha, IV. 424. 
Mohammed, XVI. 545. 
Zoroaster, XXIV. 822. 


Lycurgus, XV. 95. 
Solon; XXII! 353. 
istiffatee Ell 7o2. 
Alfred the Great, I. 506. 


Savigny, XXI. 326. 
Thibaut, XXIII. 300. 
ARAL Mos yV,.1 702, 
Grotius, XI. 217. 
WICOS SVs 21ds 


204 GUIDE TO THE 


Sir Edward Coke, VI. 119. 

Sir William Blackstone, III. 800. 
Sir John Fortescue, IX. 420. 
Daniel Webster, XXIV. 417. 
Rufus Choate, 455 sup. 


3. Among the large number of interesting articles with 
reference to the practice of law, the following are selected 
as being especially valuable : 

JUDICIAL CouRTS, VI. 516. 

Areopagus, II. 481. 

Administration of justice in primitive com- 
munities, VIII. 624. 

Judicial combat, VII. 511; XVII. 820. 
English courts of justice, VIII. 261; XX. 311. 

Federal courts of the United States, XXIII. 750. 
Supreme court of the United States, IF. 210; XIII. 780. 
Courts of appeal, II. 209; VI. 516; XIII. 765. 
Courts of summary Jurisdiction, XXII. 641. 

High court of justiciary, XII. 790. 
Courts*ofschancery, sVeassO ces et: 

High court of admiralty, I. 158. 

Vice-admiralty courts, I. 160; XXI. 607. 
Criminal courts, VI. 516. 

Quarter sessions, XX. 159. 

Courts of oyer and terminer, XVIII. 106. 

judees -xXItin7o2 

Prerogatives of judges, XIX. 673. 

Trial by jury;3V ILE 2085 XT ieo se eX 1 ec ee 
Trial by court martial, VI. 517. 

Justice ofthe Peace Aet leey sa; 

Court of Justice of the Peace, XXII. 641. 
Judicial costume, VI. 376. 

Contempt of court, VI. 318. 


Courts. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 205 


Barristers, III. 344. 
Attormey; LIT 52: 

SNeriie NX 1 S00 sia 1s 513) 
Constable, VI. 294. 


Laws of agriculture, I. 208. 
Laws relating to the tenure of land, XIV. 259; I. 406. 
Homestead laws of the United States, XII. 1222. 
Landlord and tenant, XIV. 272. 
Special Leases, I. 341. 
Subjects. Statutes of limitation, XIV. 650. 
Laws concerning real estate, XX. 304. 
Laws concerning personal estate, XVIII. 664. 
Sumptuary laws, XXII. 643. 
Liquor laws, XIV. 688. 
Laws concerning husband and wife, XII. 400; 874 sup. 
Dutidaleacts, LV eS 37. 
The army act, XVI. 297. 
Laws relating to the public health, XX. 96. 
Quarantine laws, XX. 153. 
Riot laws, XX. 564. 
Copyright laws, VI. 356. 
Copyright laws of the United States, VI. 365. 
International copyright, 506 sup. 
Corn laws, VI. 408. 
Corn laws in the United States, VI. 413. 
Corporation laws, VI. 432. 
Municipal laws, VI. 435. 
Partnership laws, XVII. 329; 1206 sup. 
Patent laws, X VIIT. 354. 
Passport laws, XVIII. 344. 
Passport regulations of the United States, 1207 sup. 
Pension laws of the United States, X VIII. 1220. 
Factory Jaws, VIII. 844. 


206 GUIDE TO THE 


Factory laws in the United States, 659 sup. 
Game laws, X. 61. 

Laws relating to gambling, X. 66. 
Labor and labor laws, XIV. 165. 

Silver legislation, 1432 sup. 

Laws of apprenticeship, I. 212; 124 sup. 
Laws of auctions, III. 68. 

Bankrupt laws, III. 341-345. 

Capital punishment, 400 sup. 

Poor laws, XIII. 462. 

Press laws, XIII. 710. 

Laws of treason, XXIII. 525-530. 
Usury laws, XXIV. 17. 

Marriage laws, XV. 565; 1051 sup. 
Laws relating to women, XXIV. 637. 
Laws regarding infants, XIII. 1. 

Law of primogeniture, XIII. 733. 
American blue laws, 305 sup. 

Brehon law, IV. 252; XIII. 218. 
Medical jurisprudence, XV. 778. 


4. The following is a partial list of LAW TERMS and 
legal processes explained in the Srztannica, and to which 
it may be necessary at some time to refer. 

Abatement, I. 5. 

Law Terms, Abduction, if 3I. 
etc. Abettor, I. 48. 

Abeyance, I. 48. 

Acceptance, taa2. 

Accession, I. 83. 

Accessory, I. 83. 

ACOD Bla sor 

Adjudication, I. 154. 

Administrator, I. 154. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA, 


Adoption, I. 163. 
Adulteration, I. 167. 
UAGUICEryy 1s 177, 
Advocate, I. 178. 
Advowson, I. 179. 
Affidavit, I. 226. 
Affinity, I. 226. 
Agent, I. 280. 
Agistment, I. 283. 
Agnates, I. 283. 
Alias, I. 574. 
Pitas 74% 

evitene Lacs 74. 
Aliment, I. 576. 
Alimony, I. 576. 
Allodium, I. 576. 
Annuities, II. 72. 
Pup peal lL. 208: 
Appraiser, II. 212. 
Apprenticeship, II. 212. 
Pocbitra cer leary 
Arbitration; II. 311. 
Arraignment, II. 628. 
Arrest, II. 629. 
Arson, II. 635. 
CSEIN el bee os 
Peseta Le 720. 
Assignment, IT. 729. 
BASStZC ble 720, 
Association, II. 730. 
Attachment, III. 50. 
Attainder, III. 52. 
mLELOt eye a L1e.O2: 
Barristers, III. 344. 


207 


208 GUIDE TO THE 


Blasphemy, III. 805. 
Bigamy, III. 668. 

Bribery, IV. 278. 

Burgage, IV. 532. 
Casuistry, V. 203. 

(Soritract my ese. 

Gosts= Vie 451: 
Conveyancing, VI. 324. 
Crimewy Uy oo 

Codicil, 485 sup. 
Conspiracy, VI. 292. 
Company, VI. 221, 434. 
Contraband, VI. 320. 
Damages, VI. 787. 
Deodand, VII. Ioo. 
Domicile, VII. 351. 
Divorce, VII. 300-305. 
Duele igs Lite 20. 
Embezzlement, VIII. 159. 
Equity, Vv iiiecrc 

Entail, VIII. 450. 

Estoppel, VIII. 563: 
Evidence, VIII. 738. 
Emigration, VIIT 173: 
Exchange, VIII. 783. . 
Executors and administrators, VIII. 800. 
Extradition, VIII. 813. 
Factors, VIII. 843. 

Felony, IX. 68. 

Flotsam and Jetsam, IX. 342. 
Forcery, Xai. 

Fraud bx z20: 

Games and gaming, X. 66. 
Gavelkind, X. 11g. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 


Genealogy, X. 142. 
Gift, X. 590. 
Guilds, XI. 350. 
Hiring, XII. 1. 
Homestead, XII: 122. 
Homicide, XII. 124. 
Hotch-Potch, XII. 308. 
Impeachment, XII. 717. 
Indictment, XII. 842. 
Insurance, XIII. 161. 
ita niece at: 
Minetitance oi) lor77: 
Insanity, XIII. 111. 
Intestacy, XIII. 197. 
Kidnapping, XIV. 69. 
Libel and slander, XIV. 505. 
Deters eA Ven5 OO; 
License, 996 sup. 
Limitation, Statutes of, XIV. 650. 
Misdemeanor, XVI. 502. 
Monopoly, XVI. 757. 
Mortgage, XVI. 848. 
Miutcer, wv L132; 
Outlaw, XVIII. 75. 
Oyer and Terminer, XVIII. 106. 
Pardon, XVIII. 271. 
Partition, X VIII. 328. 
Partnership, 1206 sup. 
Patents, XVIII. 354. 
Payment, XVIII. 440. 
Penury] XX Vill.7548: 
etiionwo. vil Lie 703. 
Pension, 1220 sup. 
Pleading, XIX. 217. 

14 


209 


210 GUIDE TO THE 


Penitentiary, XIX. 748. 
Poora LX aAG2) 
Prescription, XIX. 704. 
Prisons, XIX. 747. 
Primopenitire, X1X41733- 
Quarantine, XX. 153. 
Quare impedit, XX. 158. 
Quo Warranto, XX. 189. 
Quorum, 1296 sup. 
Receivers, 1315 sup. 
Recognizance, XX. 300. 
Records, XX. 310. 
Registration, XX. 342. 
Rent, XX. 402. 

Replevin, XX. 404. 
Rights, Personal, XX. 555. 
Riot, XX. 564. 

pale xx aos: 

Sea laws, XXI. 583. 
Settlement, X XI. 692. 
Simony, XXII. 84. 
Smuggling, XXII. 185. 
policitorw. Linge st. 
Stamp, XXII. 448. . 
Subpoena, XXII. 642; XXIV. 696. 
Succession, XXII. 616. 
Summons, XXII. 642. 
Sumptuary, XXII, 643. 
Surrender, X XII. 692. 
Taxation, XX Sasa lxear 17: 
Theft ex oc igs: 

Treason, XXIII. 525. 

Tort, XXIII. 454; VI. 587. 
Trespass, XXIII. 552. 


ENCYCLOP4DIA BRITANNICA. 241 


tial; Seles 55- 

TL Tist wack EeSc Os: 

SUL ye NV 7 

Venue, XXIV. 162. 

Wills, XXIV. 570. 

Witness, XXIV. 623; VIII. 743. 

Wreck, XXIV. 687. 

Writ, XXIV. 692. 

See also the chapter entitled The Statesman, page 234, 
of this book. 


5. TEN BOOKS FOR LAWYERS. 


Justinian’s Institutes, XIII. 794. 

Hunter’s Exposition of Roman Law, XIV. 362. 

Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, 
III. 801. 

Littleton on Tenures, XIV. 704. 

Coke’s Institutes (‘‘ Coke upon Littleton”), VI. 120. 

Austin’s Province of Jurisprudence Determined, XIV. 
354- 

Sir Henry Maine’s Early History of Institutions, XIV. 
364. 

Hobbes’s Leviathan, VIII. 422. 

Jeremy Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence, ITI. 


576. 
Hallam’s Constitutional History of England, XI. 393. 


212 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPTERS XCM: 
THE PHYSICIAN. 


‘‘Then give place to the physician, for the Lord hath created him: 
let him not go from thee, for thou hast need of him.” —£cclesiasticus. 


MEDICINE, the subject-matter of one of the learned pro- 
fessions, includes a wide range of scientific knowledge and 
skill. In the Encyclopedia Britannica it receives 
a large share of attention, both in its historical 
and scientific aspects. The special article on 
this subject, XV. 794-817, gives first a synopt- 
ical view of medicine, and then, in the second part, traces 
its history from its small beginnings in Greece down to 
the present time. Let us reverse this order, and present 
first a series of readings or references on 


Medicine. 


THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 


Among the ancient Greeks the actual organization of 
the healing art was ascribed to A‘sculapius (or Asclepius), 
of whom we have a special notice in I. 209. We are now . 
ready to read the section on medicine as portrayed in the 
Homeric poems, XV. 799, after which we shall take up the 
following subjects in their order: 

Hippocratic medicine, XV. 800. 3 
Hippocrates, “the father of medicine,’ XI. 852; his 
surgery, XXII. 674. ‘ 

Alexandrian school of medicine, XV. 800, and XXII. 


674. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 213 


Roman medicine, XV. 802; Asclepiades of Prusa, II. 
G7 eiinicneN aos so teteuse! LAGS: 

Byzantine school of medicine, XV. 804. 

Arabian medicine, I. 805, XV. 805 ; Avicenna, III. 152; 
Averroes, III. 149; Maimonides, XV. 295. 

Medicine in the Middle Ages, XV. 806. 

The Period of the Renaissance, XV. 807. See, also, 
Linacre, XIV.652; Rabelais, XX. 193; Paracelsus, X VIII. 
234, and XXII. 676 (see, in this volume, the references to 
Alchemy, pages 137, 138). 

Revival of ancient medicine, XV. 809. 

John Kaye, founder of Caius College, IV. 648. 

Great William. Harvey, and the discovery of the 
Physicians. circulation of the blood, XI. 502. 

Van Helmont, XI. 638. 

Borelli, and the Iatro-Physical school, IV. 53. 

Francis de le Boé, and the Iatro-Chemical school, XV. 
810. 

Thomas Sydenham, “the English Hippocrates,” X XII. 
805. He was the intimate friend of John Locke, “the 
great sensational philosopher,” who was also a thoroughly 
trained physician, and practiced medicine privately, XIV. 
751. | 

Hermann Boerhaave, the organizer of the modern 
method of clinical instruction, III. 854. 

George Ernest Stahl, originator of the theory of “anim- 
ism,’ XXII. 444; II. 55. 

Morgagni, who was the first to make morbid anatomy a 
branch of medical research, X VI. 821. 

William Cullen, VI. 694. 

John Brown, “the last systematizer of medicine ’—orig- 
inator of the Brunonian system—IV. 384. 

Hahnemann, founder of the homeopathic school, XI. 


Bae cr Old. 


214 GUIDE TO THE 


Edward Jenner, discoverer of vaccination for small-pox, 
OULU G 22. NL Vee s: 

Leopold Avenbrugger, inventor of the method of rec- 
ognizing diseases of the chest by percussion, III. 145, 100. 

Laennec, inventor of the method of physical diagnosis, 
by the stethoscope, XIV. 200. 

Erasmus Darwin, VI. 830; XV. 816. 

Richard Bright, discoverer of the disease known by his 
name, 346 sup. 

These readings bring the history of medicine down to 
the year 1878. If further biographical studies are desired, 
it will not be hard to find, by consulting the Index vol- 
ume, a great number of sketches of distinguished phy- 
sicians, such as: 

John Abercrombie, I. 36. 

John Abernethy, I. 47. 

Erik Acharius, I. 94. 

Dits) ie Ee Clones ae 

Alexander of Tralles, I. 486. 

Prospero Alpini, I. 6109. 

Charles Alston, I. 638. 

Johann Conrad Amman, I. 7309. 

John Arbuthnot, II. 325. 

Neil Arnot, II. 627. 

Aspasius, II. 714. 

Andrew Combe, VI. 179. 

John Elliotson, VIII. 148. 

But it is unnecessary for the GUIDE to go farther in this 
direction. To give a complete list would transcend the 
limits assigned to this chapter. 


SYNOPTICAL VIEW OF MEDICINE. 


See the special article on this subject, XV. 794. The fol- 
lowing articles may also be consulted as occasion requires: 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 215 


ANATOMY, I. 799-908. This is a very complete treat- 
ise, describing the special anatomy of the human 
Anatomy, body in a state of health. It is amply illus- 
etc. trated with diagrams and full-page plates. 
PHYSIOLOGY, XIX. 8-43. This valuable arti- 
cle is in two parts—part I, general view; part II., the 
nervous system. 

HYGIENE, XII. 566. ‘This is a short article of a popular 
character, referring to (1) climatic conditions, (2) site of 
dwellings, (3) sanitation of dwellings, (4) ventilation, (5) 
cleansing, (6) water supply, (7) work and exercise, etc. 

PATHOLOGY, the doctrine of disease, XVIII. 361-407 
(very fully illustrated). 

SURGERY, X XII. 672-692. This article embraces (1) the 
history of surgery, (2) the practice of surgery. In the lat- 
ter division a detailed and interesting account 
is given of the recent discoveries and improve- 
ments in this art, together with chapters on in- 
juries, processes of repair, surgical treatment of 
diseases, and operative surgery. 

Homeceopathy, XII. 126. 

PAVULODALy a Lies Ae sel Use 8: 

Schizomycetes—the germ theory of disease—X XI. 398- 
407 (illustrated). 

Embryology, VIII. 163. 

Anesthesia, I. 789. 


Surgery. 


Miscella- 
neous Apoplexy, IT. 193. 
Topics. Bronchitis, IV. 362. 


Cholera, V. 682. 
Croup, VI. 616; XXIII. 320. 
Dentistry, VII. 95. 
Dietetics, VII. 200. 
Digestive Organs, VII. 221, 
_ Diphtheria, VII. 249. 


216 GUIDE TO THE 


Drowning, VII. 473. 
Fever, (X.7125. 
Goitre7sx 287 30- 

Gout, XI. 5. 

Heart Diseases, XI. 552. 
Hydrophobia, XII. 545. 
Hysteria, XII. 600. 

- Insanity, XIII. 95. 
Jaundice, XIII. 598. 
Leprosy, XIV. 468. 
Longevity, XIV. 857. 
Malaria, XV. 316. 

Measles, XV. 657. 
Neuralgia, XVII. 363. 
Nutrition, XVII. 667. 
Ophthalmology, XVII. 780. 
Paralysis, XVIII. 255. 
Parasitism, X VIII. 258. 
Pharmacopeceia, XVIII. 730. 
Phrenology, XVIII. 842. 
Phthisis, XVIII. 855. 
Plague, XIX. 159. 

Pleurisy, XIX. 222. 
Pneumonia, XIX. 249. 
Poisons, XIX. 275: XVIII. 406. 
Public Health, XX. 96, 
Quarantine, XX. 153. 
Quinine, XX. 184. 

Rabies, XX. 190. 
scarlet_Hever, 2OX Les 76: 
Smallpox, XXII. 162. 
Stammering, XXII. 447. 
Stomach, Diseases of, XXII. 574. 
Sunstroke, X XII. 666, 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 2 17, 


Throat Diseases, X XIII. 319. 

Typhus, Typhoid, and Relapsing Fevers, XXIII. 676. 

Vaccination, XXIV. 23. 

Vascular System, XXIV. 95. 

Vesical Diseases, XXIV. 188. 

NWREGKINALy CIEnCe As Ll VenlO7: 

Mellow sever, xX x1 V 2734. 

The foregoing articles are carefully written treatises on 
the topics indicated, and each is the work of a leading 
specialist. Of shorter and less important articles on med- 
ical subjects, the number is so great that we cannot un- 

dertake to name them here. The mention of 
Diseases, a few,as below, will serve to indicate the vast 

etc. amount of medical lore contained in the 477- 

tannica. 

Abortion, I. 52. 

Ague, 65 sup. 

BAcUpressure, L133. 

Anchylosis, II. 9. 

Aneurism, II. 26. 

Angina Pectoris, II. 29. 

Asphyxia, II. 716. 

PyStiaiiael tle 20: 

Ataxy, Locomotor, IT. 826. 

Auscultation, ILI. 100. 

Bright’s Disease, IV. 345. 

Cancer, 1V. 800. 

Glibitooct, Vile 42: 

CONC eV hal 40. 

Corpulence, VI. 435. 

Wrati pay 572: 

Croupss ViLwOLO: 

biapetes: V11. 147: 

Epilepsy, VIII. 470. 


218 GUIDE TO THE 


Erysipelas, VIII. 531. 

Glanders, X. 634. 

Paralysis, XVIII. 255. 

Peritonitis, 547 sup. 

Meningitis, XVI. 11. 

Rheumatism, XX. 516. 

Rickets, XX. 548. 

Whooping cough, XII. 154, etc., etc. 

Remedies are treated ina like comprehen- 
sive manner. Only a few are named, merely as. 
examples : 

Arnica Limpos. 

Calomel si Vie7 3 

Electro-therapeutics, 634 sup. 

Cod liver oil, VI. 104. 

Emctics sivas 

Epsom salts, VIII. 496. 

Galbanum, X. 22. 

Goa powder, X. 707. 

Mercury, XV. 34. 

Quininesex Xa oacre wectc, 

See the references in the chapter entitled The Chemist 
and Apothecary, page 300 of this volume. 


Remedies. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 219 


CHAE BE Re xae 
THE THEOLOGIAN. 


‘*T preached as never sure to preach again, 
And as adying man to dying men.” 
—Richard Baxter, 1650. 


‘« The altitude of literature and poetry has always been religion—and 
always will be.”"— Walt Whitman. 


THE Eucyclopedia Britannica, embracing as it does the 
whole range of human knowledge, must neces- 

Religious sarily devote a large amount of attention to 
Knowledge. subjects connected with the religious history 
and religious thought of the world. The num- 

ber of articles which it contains of this kind, their com- 
prehensiveness, and the breadth of scholarship which they 
display, are alike amazing. Few private theological libra- 
ries contain so much matter of a quality that is so uni- 
formly excellent. To the minister, the pastor, the church 
official, and the theological student, the Lrztannzica offers 
a fund of information and a wealth of knowledge which 
can be derived from no other single publication in the 
English language. It is not the intention in this chapter 
to locate or point out all the articles which relate to theo- 
logical or religious subjects—to do so would oblige us to 
go beyond all the limitations assigned to this volume. 
It will be sufficient to name a few of the most important 
subjects, as the reader, when once fairly introduced into 


220 SULIT Omrt bie 


this department of knowledge, will be able readily to 
refer to others of a similar character. 


I. RELIGIONS. 


The special article on the religious beliefs and modes of 

divine worship peculiar to different tribes, na- 

ie tions, and communities, written by Professor 

Religions, ©. P. Tiele, of the University of Leyden, XX. 

358-370, will be an excellent introduction to 

this course of study. It may be followed by the read- 
ing of such additional articles as these: 

1. CHRISTIANITY, V. 688-702. A comprehensive sur- 
vey of the history and influence of Christianity. By Pro- 
fessor, T. M. Lindsay, of Free Church College, Glasgow. 

2. JUDAISM. See the two articles, Israel, XIII. 369- 
431, and JEws, XIII. 679-687. These articles are chiefly 
historical, the first by Dr. Julius Wellhausen, of the Uni- 
versity of Halle ; the second by Israel Davis, of London. 

‘3. BRAHMANISM, IV. 201-211. By Dr. Julius Eggel- 
ing, of the University of Edinburgh. 

4. BUDDHISM, IV. 424-438. By Dr. T. W. Rhys Da- 
vids, of London. 

5. MOHAMMEDANISM, XVI. 545-606. A very compre- 
hensive article in three parts: 

Part I. Mohammed, by Professor Wellhausen. 

Part II. The Eastern Caliphate, by Professor Stanislas 
Guyard. 

Part III. The Koran, by Professor Néldeke. 

Besides the above, there are special articles on all other 

religious beliefs and systems that have ever 

Other exerted any considerable influence upon the 

Beliefs. thought of mankind. The following articles 

will be of interest to many readers: 

Druidism, VII. 477. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 221 


Zoroastrianism, XX 1V. 822: 

For an account of the religion peculiar to any given coun- 
try, see the article devoted to that country; for example: 

Religion in Mexico, XVI. 211 a. 

Religion of Hottentots, XII. 311 b. 

Religion in India, XII. 782 a. 

Religion in Abyssinia, I. 63. 

Religion in Africa, I. 65. 

Religion of Gipsies, X. 616, etc., etc. 


tl -BELILEN IN GOD. 


Closely allied in thought to the articles mentioned 
above, are such as the following: 

THEISM, XXIII. 234-249. This embraces a survey of 
primeval religious ideas, with notices of polytheism, mono- 
theism, trinitarianism, unitarianism, deism, mysticism, ag- 
nosticism, etc. 

cisniey 11.33: 

Theosophy, XXIII. 278. 

Kabbalah, XIII. 810. 

Rationalism, XX. 289. 

Idolatry, XII. 608. 

Fetichism, IX. 118. 

See also God, in Index volume, page 184. 


TIT DOCTRINE, ETC: 


Read the special article on THEOLOGY, XXIII. 260- 


276; also the following : 
Apologetic, II. 189. 


Christian Dogmatic, VII. 332-342, “a branch of theo- 
Doctrine. logical study which treats of the doctrine of 
Christianity.” 


Hermeneutics, XI. 741-749, “which treats of Scripture 
interpretation.” 


222 GUIDE TO THE 


Eschatology, VIII. 534-538, “the doctrine of the last 
things.” 

Creeds, VI. 558-565, “authorized formularies of Chris- 
tian doctrine.” 

To these longer articles many others of similar import 
might be added, such as: 

Predestination, XIX. 668. 

Inspiration, XIII. 154. 

Prophet, XIX. 814. 

Anthropomorphism, IT. 123. 

Transubstantiation, VIII. 653. 

Antichrist, II. 124. 

Christian Apocalyptic, II. 179. 

Apostasy, II. 189. 

Heresy ia. 

Apostles’ creed, II. 194. 

Apostolic canons, II. 194. 

Canon law, V. 1-23. 

Catechism, V. 219. 

Litany, XIV. 695. 

Thirty-nine articles, II. 653. 

Indulgence, XII. 846; go2 sup. 

Immaculate conception, XII. 715. 

Baptism, III. 348. 

Confession, VI. 257. 

Confirmation, VI. 258. 

Consecration, VI. 291. 

Extreme unction, VIII. 813, etc., etc. 

See also the references to Church history below. 


TV. CHRISTIANETVY: 


The: CHURCH a Vce7535; 
I. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, XX. 628-631, by P. L. 
Connellan, of Rome. See, also, POPEDOM, XIX. 487-510. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 223 


This latter article is designed to give the main outlines 
of the history of the Papacy as an institution. 
Christian A list of the popes is given at the end; and 
Sects. readers wishing to extend their knowledge of 
this subject by becoming acquainted with the 
personal history of the pontiffs, may do so by referring to 
the special articles in the Arztannica relating respectively 
to the different popes. The following articles may also 
be read: 
Catholic, V. 227. (For the first use of this name, see 
ens) | 

Bishops, III. 788. 

Archbishops, II. 369. 

Abbot; i223! 

Acolyte, I. 98. 

Welibacy.?V ..203: 

Propaganda, XIX. 8009. 

History of Monasticism, I. 14-21, to be read in connec- 
tion with 

Monachism, XVI. 698. 

Asceticism, II. 676. 

slita pDists, 2s Les: 

Acoemetae (sleepless monks), I. 98. 

Old Catholics, XVII. 754. 

Ze (GREEK CHURCH, All i154. 

3. ARMENIAN CHURCH, II. 548. 

AS EROTESIANTISM, XX. 310. Of the sectsi of Protes- 
tanism a very large number are noticed in separate arti- 
cles in the 4ritannica. The following will indicate the 
scope and character of these articles: 

Adventists, X VI. 320. 

Baptists, III. 353; Freewill Baptists, IX, 762. 

Catholic Apostolic, V. 237. 

Christian Brethren, XIX. 238. 


224 GUIDE TO THE 


Congregationalists, VI. 268. 

Episcopal: Church of England, VIII. 370; Protestant 
Episcopal Church of the United States, VIII. 493. 

Evangelical Association, VIII. 725. 

Friends (see Quakers), XX. 147. 

Lutherans, XV. 84. 

Mennonites, XVI. II. 

Methodists, XVI. 185. 

Moravian Brethren, XVI. 811. 

Mormons, XVI. 825. 

Presbyterians, XIX. 676. 

Reformed Church, XX. 3309. 

Salvation Army, 1376 sup.; 314 sup. 

United Brethren, XXIII. 726. 

Unitarians 2 XocLUe 73, 

Universalists, X XIII. 831. 

To these might be added an extensive list embracing 
such names as the following: 

Antinomians, II. 129. 

Aquarians, II. 217. 

Annihilationists, 113 sup. 

Hussites, XII. 407. 

Illuminati, XII. 706. 

Independents, XII. 722. 

But it is unnecessary to attempt a complete list. The 
reader who so desires, will now be able to continue the in- 
vestigation of this subject without further assistance from 
the GUIDE. 


Ves CHU ROM GTi io iG hoy. 


As an introduction to another valuable course of read- 
ing, take the article entitled CHURCH AND CHURCH HIs- 
TORYs aVeuyoo: 

The number of special articles, biographical and histor- 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 225 


ical, relating to the history of the Christian church may 
be estimated from the following incomplete list of sub- 
jects which receive treatment in the first volume alone: 

Volume 1 :—Saint Adalbert, p. 134; Adam of Bremen, 
p. 138; Adiaphorists, p. 153; Adoptian Controversy, p. 
TO3e. EF opes. Adrian; p: 165): Aetius, pa 356; vArchbishop 
Agelnoth, p. 279; Johannes Agricola, p. 290; Bishop 
Pauanapeded red, p).475 7 ote Alban, pa 4oe, Garcinal 
PeIbGti welts 1+) Jilbigernsesstp.0454 5. bishop. Alcocks: p: 
469; Alcuin, p. 471; Bishop Aldred, p. 475; Cardinal 
Aleandro, p. 476; Alesius, p. 478; Popes Alexander, p. 
486; Joseph Alleine, p. 581; Felix Amat, p. 653; Amal- 
ric of Bena, p. 652; Saint Ambrose, p. 662; Nicolaus 
Arnsdorf, p. 778; Moses Amyrant, p. 782. 

Instead of continuing this list so as to cover in the same 
way the remaining twenty-three volumes of the Arztannica, 

the GUIDE deems it sufficent to name merely a 
Select List few of the most important subjects. 
of Topics. The history of the Christian church may be 
said to begin with the preaching of St. Peter on 

pilemo verte Lerltecostesmocce. tucrclOlc ots Leterme lls 
Gozwe Lentecost,.%.VilLin 51475 Acts ofthe Apostles; 1a123: 

After these, read: 

StesraUlerxev Uilitrs: 

ot.) ohn, LL 700: 

St Andrew, II. 20 

Revelation, XX. 506. 

Apollos, Il. 189. 

Apostolic Fathers, I. 195. 

See ADLMONY, el lkO 7: 

Sieueustine sile75: 

Justin Martyr, XIII. 790. 

The four St. Gregories, XI. 775-781. 

PV EtUS e005 37; 

15 


tN 


26 GUIDE TO THE 


St. Athanasius, I. 828. 

Basil the Great, III. 412. 
Chrysostom, V. 755. 
Eusebius;av L721. 
Ireneus ail leo7.) 

Cyril of Alexandria, VI. 751. 
Nestorius; 3V live3cs- 
Polycarp, XIX. 414. 

St. Epiphanius, XVIII. 482. 
St. Alban, I. 446. 

Sylvester, XXII. 74. 
Bedesiligerco. 

ie BHdseu uve 2: 

St. Bernard, III. 601. 

Crispin and Crispinian, VI. 590. 
Stebonitaces! Veuws: 
Lanfranc, XIV. 282: 

JATSel ie Lio le 

Arnold of Brescia, II. 625. 
Thomas 4 Kempis, XIV. 316. 
Ste benedicteluiens 57. 

St, .Dominicmvi lease: 

St. Francis, IX. 692; Franciscans, IX. 698. 
The Jesuits, XIII. 645. 
History of Monasticism, I. 14. 
Capuchins, V. 79. 
Carthusians, V. 163. 
Carmelites, V. 116. 
Gelestines.V=201- 
Flagellants, IX. 280. 
Cloister, VI. 35. 

Asceticism, III. 676. 

St. Dunstan, VII. 359. 
Manichaeism, XVII. 124. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 


The Albigenses, I. 454. 

The Lollards, XIV. 810. 

The Waldenses, XXIV. 322. 

The Council of Basil, III. 409. 
The Inquisition, XIII. g1. 

Francis Xavier, XXIV. 716. 

John Wycliffe, XXIV. 708. 
Zwingli, XXIV. 832. 

Erasmus, VIII. 512. 

Martin Luther, XV. 71. 

John Huss, XII. 404. 

John Calvin, IV. 714. 

The Huguenots, XII. 337. 

The Reformation, XX. 319. 
Council of Trent, XXIII. 543. 
Thomas Cranmer, VI. 548. 

John Knox, XIV. 130. 

William Laud, XIV. 346. 
Puritanism in England, VIII. 340. 
George Fox, IX. 500. 

John Bunyan, IV. 526. 
NolinavwWesicven AL V. 504;0V LILI 355: 
Emanuel Swedenborg, XXII. 758. 
William Booth, 314 sup. 

Christian Missions, XVI. 511. 
King’s Daughters, 951 sup. 
Epworth League, 648 sup. 
Christian Endeavor, 458 sup. 


Young Men’s Christian Association, 1673 sup. 
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 1634 sup. 


VI. FORMS AND CEREMONIES, 


Ecclesiastical Costume, VI. 461. 
ADIs lls 4 Ome DIULIOM A lo 5O: 


227 


228 GUIDE TO THE 


Litany, XIV. 695. 
Confirmation, VI. 258. 
Religious Consecration, VI. 291. 
Ceremonials. Confession, VI. 258. 
Penance, XVIII. 484. 

Anointing, II. go. 

Extremes nection be lcea ir 
Holy Water, XII. 105. 
Eucharist, VIII. 650. 
Adoration, I. 164. 

Incense, XII. 718. 

Rosary, XX. 848. 

Breviary, IV. 263. 

Missal, XVI. 508. 

Absolution, I. 58. 
Excommunication, VIII. 708. 
Stigmatization, XXII. 548. 
Fasting, IX. 44. 

SACKINCGG NO alumi. 
Pilgrimage, XIX. go. 

Vows, XXIV. 300. 


VII. HOLY DAYS; BEASTS, .ETG: 


Sunday, XXII. 653. 
Christmas, V. 704. 
Kent? X77446: 
Feasts Palm Sunday, XVIII. 198. 
pr ee Passion Week, NaN eee 
Good Friday, X. 774. 
Fastetevilicnone: 
AlivSamts 2 Daya 5 70: 
Atonement Day, VIII. 806. 
Candlemas, IV. 808. 
Corpus Christi, VI. 436. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 229 


Feast of the Annunciation, II. go. 
Feast of the Assumption, II. 734. 
Epiphany, VIII. 483. 

Candlemas, IV. 804, etc. 


VIII. CHURCH GOVERNMENT. ETC. 


Pope (see Index volume, page 353). 
Patriarch, III. 788. 

Bishop, III. 787. 
Officers Presbyter, X. 675. 


of the 

Church. Clergy, V. 828. 
Dear lanie: 

Acolyte, I. 98. 

m.bbe; Lo, 


Eup bessmlar., ADDL 12:22; 
Abbreviators, I. 29. 

Catechumen, V. 220. 

Ganon. Ve i5- 

Parson, ow V-L1 172327: 
mMicary V.111 206. 

Curate, VI. 709. 

Cardinal, V. 96. 

Weeatew whV.-412- 

Archbishop, III. 369. 
tliestiwNce7od: 

Deacon, VIE. 1; Deaconess. VII? 1. 
Archdeacon, III. 370. 

Almoner, I. 595. 

Nun, XVI. 699; Monk, XV . 608. 
Neophyte, XVII. 332. 


DEL E BIBLE: 


For references to the Bible and Bible history see the 
chapter entitled Readings for Bible Students, page 123. 


230 GUIDE TO THE 


OS PAW EE I OOO 


THE PUBLIC SPEAKER. 


‘‘Mend your speech a little, 
Lest it may mar your fortunes.’’— Shakespeare. 


HE who would excelas a public speaker must in the 
first place possess a thorough mastery of words. He 
must be able to express his thoughts in a manner which 
is, at the same time, pleasing, forcible, and convincing. 
He must have a minute and comprehensive knowledge of 
everything pertaining to the subject which he undertakes 
to discuss. And he must understand the secret influences 
and methods by which the minds of his hearers may be 
moved and their actions determined. A mastery of 
words and of correct and elegant language may be ac- 
quired by the study of rhetoric and its kindred branches 
(see the chapter entitled The Writer, in this volume). A 
knowledge of the subject to be discussed must be obtained 
by careful investigation, by personal experience, and by 
the study of books. One’s understanding of the human 
mind and its motives may be improved by the study of 
philosophy, and especially that division of the science 
which is usually called psychology (see the references on 
pages 120-121, of this volume). 

Very much may be learned by studying the methods 

of famous orators of former times. Would you 


oan know the methods by which Demosthenes made 
Oratory, himself the greatest orator of all time, and 


would you understand something of the distinc- 
tive qualities of his oratory? Read the article in the 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 231 


Britannica, VII. 72. Then read of the characteristics of 
Greek oratory in general, XI.142. Read of Antiphon, the 
most ancient of Greek orators, II. 134 a; of Iszus, XIII. 
376; of Hyperides, XII. 596b; of Lysias, XV. 118; of 
Isocrates, XIII. 388; and of Andocides, II. 18. Then 
see what is said about Roman oratory, XX. 719. Read 
Sieiccrow\..770,and: A.A. 5 04; of Lortensius, X11 210: 
of Marcus Antonius, II. 140; of Domitius Afer, I. 225; 
of Julius Caesar, IV. 633 and XX. 720. 
Then coming down to the oratory of modern times, 
read of Lord Chatham, V. 440; of Burke, IV. 544; of 
Hox LX SOOssot the -youncere Pitt, ex Avia 4 
British of Grattan, XI. 63; of Brougham, IV. 374; of 
Oratory. Lord Derby, VII.112; of Robert Hall, XI. 392. 

Finally, arriving at the study of our own 
PeetivdimerOtd LOLs; teadsl.721, byeand) 1.722 eb einen 
turn to the article on Patrick Henry, XI. 676; and after- 
ward to those on Fisher Ames, I. 735; Daniel Webster, 

Dow @47l; ELenty Clay,.V 3817.5 Johnie Gal 
American oun, IV. 683; Edward Everett, VIII. 736; 
Oratory. and John B. Gough, 768 sup. 

Once started in this course of reading, you 
will be surprised at the large number of additional sub- 
jects which will suggest themselves, and if you are actu- 
ally in earnest you will need no guide to point out their 
whereabouts in the Britannica. You will be able to de- 
pend upon and help yourself. 

As an example of the manner in which a single subject 
may be studied with a view to its discussion in public, let. 
us suppose that you are preparing a lecture on 

The temperance. What help can the Eucyclopedia 
alae ia Britannica give you? Let us see. That the 
wisest of ancient philosophers advocated tem- 


perance, see XXII. 237, and II. 677, and that they de- 


232 GUIDE TO THE 


clared it to be one of the cardinal virtues, see VIII. 
580. 

Read of Bacchus, VII. 248 and XVII. 839. 

Then, coming to later times, study the valuable article 
on DRUNKENNESS, VII. 481; also Liquor Laws, XIV. 688; 
License, 996 sup.; Temperance Societies, XXIII. 158. 

Other articles and sections which may be read at pleas- 
ure are 

John B. Gough, 768 sup. 

Prohibition Party, 1252 a sup. 

Father Mathew Societies, XV. 631. 

Abstinence Societies, 26 sup. 

Distillation of Spirits, VII. 264 a. 

BREWING, IV. 294; Fermentation, XXIV. 602. 

Statistics of Brewing in the United States, 339 sup. 

BEER, 238 sup. 

Brandy, IV. 216. 

Whisky, XXIV. 542. 

Effects of Whisky, XVIII. 407. 

WINE, XXIV. 601 and 1631 sup. 

Pile ele 7: 

Absinthe,eies 

Arrack, II. 628. 

Gin &xeeG022 

Liqueurs, XIV. 686. 

Perry oclivenss 7a 
and in like manner, through the entire list of intoxicating 
beverages. To these may be added such articles as 

DELIRIUM TREMENS, VII. 50. 

INSANITY, XIII. 95. 

Heredity, VILTo0e=e cI 6G candax lesa 

The list of books and other publications which advocate 
the cause of temperance, XXIII. 160, will be found of 
much value in directing you to further research. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 233 


So much for the lecturer on temperance. The political 
speaker will find a selection of references for his special 
use in our chapter entitled The Statesman ; 
Other the pulpit orator will find an extensive array of 
Speakers. references in the chapter for The Theologian ,; 
and, generally speaking, the various subjects 
adapted to public presentation and discussion receive due 
notice, each under its especial heading. Hence it is un- 
necessary to multiply examples here. 
The would-be orator, however, no matter what may be 
his theme, is recommended to follow out the course of 
reading suggested in chapter XLI., entitled Zhe Writer. 


234 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAP Ee ee onen eval 


THE STATESMAN. 


‘*The worth of a State in the long run is the worth of the individuals 
composing it.”—/ohn Stuart Mill. 


IT is proposed in this chapter to indicate a few of the 
leading articles in the Eucyclopedia Britannica which re- 
late to the science of government and which are 


aoe therefore, of especial interest and value to every 
Constitu- or : ; : 
an citizen who has a voice in the conduct of public 


affairs, no less than to students, professional 
politicians, and statesmen. Let us takeas the basis of our 
studies the Constitution of the United States, the full text 
of which is given in the American Additions and Revis- 
ions, page 1533 sup. The amendments are found on page 
1537 sup. ~ Read next the article CONSTITUTION AND 
CONSTITUTIONAL LAw, VI. 309, from which you may 
derive some idea of the English Constitution and of the 
points wherein it differs from our own. Then the follow- 
ing articles may be taken up, either independently or in 

the order in which they are here mentioned : 
1. GOVERNMENT, XI. g-21. This is a thoughtful and 
interesting article (1) on the forms of government, (2) on 
the sphere of government. Under the first di- 


Forms of Vision is an account of the three standard forms 
Govern- x 
of government, the monarchy, the aristocracy, 


ment, 
7 and the republic. Then follow chapters on the 
government of Rome, page 11; on feudalism, page II ; on 


ENCYCLOPA‘IDIA BRITANNICA. 235 


parliamentary government, page 12; on cabinet govern- 
ment, page 13; on the relation between government and 
laws, page 14. Under the second division the following 
topics are discussed: judicature, page 15; state and 
church, page 16; the /azssez-faire theory, page 17; educa- 
tion and labor, page 18; federal government, page 20. 

Patriarchal government, XVIII. 410; monarchy, XI. 
II; monarchy in ancient Rome, XX. 732; em- 
petrol eV Li 1 7Oue cli pile gar cia ole be 
british empire, 753, sup.;) house. ol= Lords; 
MLE 250. Tiouse of, Commons, sv ie e260:; 
Titles of honor, XXIII. 417; coronation, VI. 420. 

Parliament, XVIII. 302; powers and privileges of par- 
liament, page 310; parliamentary procedure, page 311. 
Geter atiianent, 1. 122) regent .<<1315-sup.. «british 
GabinetehV. G19.> budget, LV .:4390. 

Aristocracy—Nobility, XVII. 524; the government of 

Venice, page 527; the nobility of England, 

age 529; the Polish aristocracy, page 530; 
Sarasa: Bee eax VIII. 458. 

Republic, XI. 11; ancient Roman republic, 
hoes 735 ltrencherepuplic,, 1X 6507; «the republicyand 
socialism, XXII. 221; the world’s chief republics, 770 
sup. 

Political parties in the United States, 1248 sup.; native 
American parties, 1111 sup.; the Democratic party, 
XXIII. 755; the Republican party, XXIII. 757; the Peo- 
ple’s party, 670 sup.; Prohibition party, 1252 sup. 

President of the United States, 1538 sup.; the succes- 
Dep eients sive elections of presidents, 1553 sup. For 

of biographies see articles devoted to the lives of 
Republican the presidents. Veto, XXIV. 200. 
Seeemmcoleeeonoress of the: United, states, 1545 sup.; 
allotments of representation, 501 sup.; Senate and House 


Monarchy. 


236 GUIDE TO THE 


of Representatives, XXIII. 749; Act of Congress, 31 
sup. 

Supreme Court of the United States, IH. 210, XIII. 
789; organization of, 1551 sup. See, also, chapter in this 
volume entitled Zhe Lawyer. 

- Citizenship in the United States, 467 sup. 

Naturalization, 1112 sup. 

Allegiance, I. 580. 
Ballot, III. 288; Australian ballot system, 
193 sup. 
Elections, VIII. 2; Election laws in various 
states, 613 sup. 

Treaties, XXIII. 530; reciprocity, 1315 sup.; alliance, 
I. 585. 

State governments, XXII. 458. 

Local governments, 1016 sup.; the borough, IV. 62; 
the town, XXIII. 731; township, 580 sup. 

MISCELLANEOUS; The following short list is given 

merely to indicate a few of the numerous topics 
Political Of a political character that are discussed in the 
Subjects. pages of the Avztannica - 
Archons (Greek), II. 476. 

Exarchyav Lila733 

Ephori (Greek), VIII. 469. 

fEdiles (Roman), I. 180. 

Questor (Roman), XX. 145. 

Comitia (Roman), VI. 194. 

Ambassador, I. 657. 

Ministry, XVI. 472. 

ConsulyeVaeis 

Diplomacy, VII. 251. 

Exchequer, VIII. 706; 

Amnesty, I. 746. 

Reconstruction, 1317 sup. 


Citizenship. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 237 


Immigration, 884 sup. 
Taxation, XXIII. 85. 
National Debts, XII. 8809. 


A SHORT COURSE OF READINGS IN POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY. 


Aristides (500 B. C.), IT. 504. 
Perieles:(450. bac), XN Li le oeo, 
Cato (95 -B..C:); V.-240. 
Patriots Robert the Bruce (14th century), XX. 502. 

and : 

Cfeomenme oliver Cromwell (17th century)aV1.1507. 

Andreas Hofer (18th century), XII. 44. 

George Washington (18th century), XXIV. 387. 
Simon Bolivar, IV. 7. 


Giuseppe Garibaldi, XIII. 487. 


Sir Thomas More, XVI. 815. 
John Hampden, XI. 428. 
Algernon Sidney, XVII. 33. 
Lord Bolingbroke, IV. 4. 
Lord Chatham, V. 440. 
Edmund Burke, XVIII. 538. 
George Canning, IV. 809. 
William Pitt, XIX. 134. 

Sit ODtliabecime Na Vellle 5 2: 
Lord Palmerston, XVIII. 193. 
William E. Gladstone, 758 sup. 
Mirabeau, XVI. 492. 

Duc de Broglie, IV. 359. 
Gambetta, X VIII. 735. 
Samuel Adams, I. 143. 
Thomas Jefferson, XIII. 613. 
De Witt Clinton, VI. 75. 
Albert Gallatin, X. 38. 
Andrew Jackson, XIII. 533. 


238 GUIDE TO THE 


Daniel Webster, XXIV. 471. 

William Lloyd Garrison, X. 85. 

Charles Sumner, XXII. 643. 

Jefferson Davis, XXIII. 773. 

Abraham Lincoln, XIV. 658. 

James A. Garfield, 736 sup. 

See, also, the chapters in this volume entitled respec- 
tively, Zhe Public Speaker, The Lawyer, and The Political 
Economist. ; 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 239 


CTA Rel Ee REX XV EEL 


THE POLITICAL ECONOMIST. 


‘* This is that noble Science of Politics, which is equally removed from 
the barren theories of utilitarian sophists, and from the petty craft, so 
often mistaken for statesmanship by minds grown narrow in habits of 
intrigue, jobbing, and official etiquette—which of all sciences is the most 
important to the welfare of nations—which, of all sciences, most tends 
to expand and invigorate the mind—which draws nutriment and orna- 
ment from every part of philosophy and literature, and dispenses in re- 
turn nutriment and ornament to all.” —Macaulay. 


POLITICAL ECONOMY, in its historical aspects, is the 
subject of an important article by J. K. Ingram, 
Political in the nineteenth volume of the Eucyclopedia 
Economy. Britannica. The earliest expressions of thought 
on economic subjects have come down to us 
from the Oriental theocracies, and of these Mr. Ingram 
gives an interesting account in XIX. 348. This is fol- 
lowed by a survey of Greek and Roman notions of eco- 
nomics, with quite a full exposition of Plato’s ideal system. 
The economy of the Middle Ages is described at length 
(pages 353-355), with some notice of the origin of trade 
corporations, and their influence upon the industrial forces 
of those early times. The three successive phases of mod- 
ern economics are then treated with great fulness (pages 
352-401). This latter and larger part of Mr. Ingram’s 
article may be read by sections, with collateral references 
to other articles as follows : 
First Modern Phase—Transitional, XIX. 354. 


240 GUIDE TO THE 


Second Modern Phase—Mercantile, XIX. 354-358; Co- 
pernicus, VI. 346; Sir William Temple, XXIII. .171; 
Johns ockeex lV ses 

Third Modern Phase—Natural Liberty, XIX. 358-401. 

I. WEALTH AND CURRENCY. Adam Smith, XXII. 169; 
his “‘ Wealth of Nations,’’ 364-370. 

Wealth in economics, XXIV. 461. Capital, V. 71. 

Money, XVI. 720; depreciation of currency, IX.: 178; 

Locke on money, XIV. 754; Ricardo on money, XX. 
534. (See references to money in the chapter entitled, 
The Banker.) 7 

Jeremy Bentham, III. 575. 

2. BANKS AND BANKING. (See chapter enti- 
Finance. tled Zhe Banker.) Savings Banks, XXI. 327. 
' Bonamy Price, 1269 sup. 
3. POPULATION. Population considered in its statical 
and dynamical aspects, XIX. 513. 
Population. The Malthusian theory, 371; Thomas Mal- 
thus, XV. 343. 

4. TAXATION. See the special article on taxation, 
XXIII. 85. Ricardo, XX. 533; taxation and protection, 
IX. 755. 

Henry George, 742 sup. 

5. PAUPERISM. See POOR LAwS, XIX. 462. 

Robert Owen, XVIII. 86. 

American Almshouses, 85 sup. 

6. LABOR AND WAGES. Special article on Labor, 
XIV. 165. 

Lassalle, XLV2 321, 

Special article on Wages, XXIV. 307. 

American organizations, 960, 961 sup. 

American Working Girls’ Society, 1640 sup. 

Apprenticeship, I. 213. 

Guilds, XI. 259. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 241 


7. CO-OPERATION. Communism, VI. 211; Socialism, 
XXII. 205 ; Co-operation, V. 338. 

Oneida Community, XVII. 773. 

Shakers, X XI. 736. 

Fourier, IX. 489. 

Saint-Simon, XXI. 197. 

Robert Owen, XVIII. 86. 

Plato’s Republic, VI. 212. 

Sociological conceptions of Comté, VI. 235. 

Mutual Aid Societies, 1443 sup. 

Building and Loan Associations, 1014 sup. 

Modern Clubs, VI. 41. 

Anti-Poverty Society, 117 sup. 

SeebARIEES see the special article; Free Trade’ and 
Prorecuion, et. 6752. Supplementary article; 721 sup! ; 
Bastiat, III. 428; Henry Fawcett, 671 sup. 

g. POLITICAL ECONOMISTS. A few famous economists 
not named above: 

John Stuart Mill, XVI. 307. 

ereeGairnes, LVi1043; 

Walter Bagehot, XIX. 396. 

Arnold Toynbee, XIX. 397. 

Benjamin Franklin, IX. 711. 

Harriet Martineau, XV. 583. 

Nassau Senior, X XI. 663. 

For further references, see the chapter entitled Zhe 
Statesman, 


16 


242 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPTER Aan, 


THE INVENTOR. 


‘Neither the naked hand nor the understanding, left to itself, can do 
much; the work is accomplished by instruments and helps, of which the 
need is not less for the understanding thanthe hand.”—Sacon. 


THERE are few persons who have more to gain from 
self-culture than those who aspire to success as inventors. 
It is true that now and then some wonderful 
discovery has been stumbled upon by accident. 
;, But almost every invention that has been of 

any genuine importance to the world has been 
the result of long and patient study and unwearying toil. 
No amount of guesswork will produce a new machine 
possessing the qualities of novelty and utility requisite to 
a sucessful invention. The man who would bring such a 
machine into existence, must devote his days to the acquisi- 
tion of athorough knowledge of the philosophical principles 
underlying its construction. Hewill need to understand 
the laws of mechanics; he must be able to perform cer- 
tain necessary mathematical processes; and he must have 
an insight into the theory of machinery. One inventor 
will probably find it necessary to study the laws of hydro- 
statics; another will need to have a complete knowledge 
of chemistry, or of mineralogy, or of botany; still another 
will add to all these branches of knowledge an understand- 
ing of the science of optics, or acoustics, or it may be of 
meteorology, or of astronomy, or of navigation. 


Knowledge 
US. 
Guesswor 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 243 


Then, again, every inventor will find it worth while to 
learn what has been done by other inventors who have 
come before him. Turn to the chronological table on 
page 720, volume V., of the Aucyclopedia Britannica, and 
notice the dates when the great inventions and discoveries 
which have revolutionized the world first made their ap- 
pearance. Read next the HISTORY OF PATENTS in 
XVIII. 304, and notice the patent laws which 
are now in force in all the principal countries. 
It will then be an interesting exercise to read 
the biographies of the famous inventors of var- 
ious times and countries. You might begin with the 
legendary story of Deedalus, the first great inventor, VII. 
760. Then take up subjects like the following: 

Roger Bacon, the first English scientist and inventor, 
III. 218; his magical inventions, XV. 208; his theory of 
optical glasses, XXIII. 135. 

Sir Humphrey Davy, inventor of the safety 

Great lamp, VI. 845; the Davy lamp, VI. 72. 
Inventors. Denis Papin, inventor of the heat engine, 

XVIII. 228, and XXII. 474; his improvements 
on the air pump, XIX. 246. 4 

James Watt, inventor of the steam engine, XXIV. 412. 

Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat, ITI. 542. 

Oliver Evans, improver of the steam engine, VIII. 726, 
and XXII. 475. 

Benjamin Franklin, the first American scientist, IX. 
vite his electticalsresearches, ViILI6. 

Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, XXIV, 1627. 

Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the telegraph, XVI. 847. 

Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning frame, 
LSS AOseViL 400: 

James Hargreaves, inventor of the spinning jenny, VI. 


490, X VII. 600. 


Patents. 


244 GUIDE TO THE 


Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning mule, IV. 
597: 

Samuel Colt, inventor of improved fire-arms, VI. 166. 

Richard J. Gatling, inventor of the Gatling gun, 739 sup. 

Henri de Girard, inventor of flax-spinning aparatus, 
20; 

Sir William Siemens, inventor of the gas engine, XXII. 
37, 520. | 

Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing machine, X XI. 718. 

Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of the reaping machine, 
1036 sup. 

Thomas A. Edison, inventor of many electrical ma- 
chines and appliances, 606 sup. 

Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, 242 
sup. 

These are only a few of the numerous inventors and 
discoverers whose biographies are to be found in the Ez- 
cyclopedia Britannica. Now as to some of the most 
FAMOUS INVENTIONS, notice the following: 

Gunpowder, II. '655; XI. 316; VIM 67. 

Great first use of gunpowder, II. 655. 

Inventions. Fire-arms, history of, II. 655; ancient guns, 

II. 557; gun-making, XL 278; cunnernz pect 
297; rifle, XI. 282; musket, II. 558; naval cannon, XVII. 
286. : 

Printing presses, 1271 sup.; type-setting machines, 1272 
sup.; XXIII. 700; typewriters, 1516 sup.; XXIV. 608. 

Air-ships. See the article Aéronautics I. 185, and the 
supplementary article on the same subject, 39 sup. Read 
of flying machines in the article Flight, IX. 317; and of 
balloons in III. 549, and I. 187. 

Air engines, I. 428. , 

Bells, 245 sup. , 

Brakes, IV. 211; railway brake, XX. 248. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 245 


Buttons, IV. 508. 

Brushes and brooms, IV. 403. 

Calico-printing machines, IV. 685. 

Candle-making, history of, IV. 802. 

Carriages, history of, V. 134. 

locks. Vilogia sp clectrical clocks, Vili2s, 

Coloring machines, IV. 691. 

(Cals Nalbieae 

Wutleny vel 2733. 

Diving bells, VII. 294-300. 

Elevators (lifts), XIV. 573. 

Fire-extinguishing apparatus, IX. 235, and 680 sup. 

Friction matches, invention and history of, XV. 624. 

Furniture, IX. 847. 

FOckS,28. LV e744: 

Lithography, XIV.697; photo-lithography, XVIII. 833, 
and 1234 sup. 

Microscope, invention of, XVI. 258. 

Mirrors, XVI. 499; magic mirrors, XVI. 5o1. 

Pens, XVIII. 483, and 1215 sup. 

Pencils, XVIII. 480. 

Phonograph, invention of XXIII. 130, 134. 

Photography, XVIII. 321; Daguerre’s invention of, VI. 
761; Niepce’s inventions, XVII. 495; electric flash pro- 
cess, VIII. 636; recent progress in, 1230 sup. 

Photogravures, invention of process, 1235 sup. 

Reaping machines, I. 322. 

Rings, history of XX. 560. 

Rope-making, XX. 843. 

Sewing-machines, XXI. 718. 

Datctyslamp, Vila457,0V Lay2,diden.Vile4O1, 

Spectacles, XXII. 372, and XVI. 258. 

Steam engine, invention of, XXIV. 412; description of, 
MEA 3: 


246 GUIDE TO THE 


Steamships, invention of, III. 542, 1X. 270, and XXII. 
478; description of, XXI. 823. 

Stereoscopes, XXII. 537. 

Stocking frame, XII. 299. 

Telegraph, history of, XXIII. 112. 

Telephone, history of, XXIII. 127; description of, 130. 

Telescope, history of, XXIII. 135-139; description of, 
139-154, 

Twine-making, XX. 845. 

Watch-making, XXIV. 394. 

Weaving, XXIV. 463; ancient looms, XXIII. 206; 
spinning jenny, II. 541, and VI. 490. 

This list might be continued toa very great length, but 
enough has been given to indicate the very complete and 
comprehensive manner in which the subject of inventions 
is treated in the Arztanntca. 

Now, there are certain special subjects with which al- 

most every inventor needs to have some ac- 

Special quaintance. One man will want to know all 

Subjects. about the most recent discoveries in electricity 
—for he is seeking to invent some new electrical 
appliance, or to make some improvement on former pa- 
tents. He should consult the references mentioned in the 
chapter entitled, The Alectrician, page 169 of this volume. 
Another inventor will find it necessary to investigate the 
phenomena and laws of HEAT. Here are some references 
that may be helpful to him: 

Special article on Heat, XI. 554. 

Theory of the action of heat, XIX. 2. 
Heat as energy, VIII. 207. 

Latent law -of-héatevi Lear 
Diffusion of heat, VII, 207. 
Conduction of heat, XX. 212. 

Convection of heat, XX. 212. 


Heat. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 247 


Power of heat in mechanics, XV. 773. 

Production of heat by different fuels, IX. 807. 

Heat of coal compared with that of oil, XVIII. 240. 

Mechanical equivalent of heat, VIII. 209. 

Transformation of heat into force, XXIII. 283. 

A third inventor will want to understand the theory and 

construction of MACHINES, and perhaps also 

Mechanical the general laws of mechanics. Let such an 

Laws. one consult the references named in the chapter 

entitled The Mechanic, page 172 of this volume. 

A fourth inventor is interested in such subjects as the air, 

gases, etc. He will find the 4rztannica full of information 

of just the sort that he is seeking. For example, in I. 427, 
there is a brief article on air, with references to 

Atmosphere, III. 28. 

Meteorology, XVI. 114. 

Barometer Lille 381. 

Pneumatics, XIX. 240. 

Ventilation, XXIV. 157. 

This is followed by an interesting account of the air- 
engine, I. 428, and this by an article describing the air- 
pump, I. 429. Then, by turning to the Index volume, 
one may find scores of minor references to various items 
of information relating to this particular subject. 

In short, there is no subject connected with the inven- 
tion of machines, or of useful appliances of any kind, that 
does not receive somewhere in the Lritannica the concise 
and comprehensive treatment which its importance de- 
mands. 

See the following chapters in this book: The Engineer, 
The Architect, The Builder, The Manufacturer, The Rait- 
road Man, The Farmer, The Printer, The Miner, 


248 7 GUIDE TO THE 


GLP hanes 


THE TEACHER. 


‘“ The true university of our day is a collection of books.’’ 
— Thomas Carlyle. 


VALUABLE as the Eucyclopedia Britannica is to persons 
of all callings and professions, there is no one who can de- 
rive greater benefit from it than the teacher. To the 
man or woman actively engaged in education, its worth is 

beyond all estimation. It is an exhaustless mine 
incre of knowledge, offering information on every 

Bast imaginable subject. It is an obliging friend, 

answering the thousands of perplexing ques- 
tions that are daily and unexpectedly presented, and never 
making a mistake. It isthe teacher’s vade mecum, the in- 
dispensable companion to which he turns for help and 
guidance in every time of need. If one were asked to 
point out the articles of greatest value to the educator, he 
could not answer—he could only say, “ All are valuable.” 
To the teacher of sciences, the articles on scientific sub- 
jects will be referred to most frequently (see the references 
on pages 89-98 of this volume). The teacher of mathe- 
matics will derive aid from the numerous chapters and 
treatises on mathematical subjects (see page 106). And 
so, whether you are a teacher of geography, or of philoso- 
phy, or of literature, or of history, or of music, or of art, 
or of any other department of human knowledge, you will 
find the Britannica always ready to supplement your in- 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 249 


struction and to aid you in the work which you have in 
hand. 

This is the day of educated teachers—of teachers who 
are learned not only in the branches which they teach at 
school, but in the principles which underlie the 
practice of their calling. Pedagogy has become 
a distinct science. School teaching is no longer 
a haphazard business, but it is a profession con- 
ducted on lines as exact as those which determine the 
practice of law or of medicine or of theology. The teach- 
er who neglects or refuses to recognize this fact is already 
on the road to failure and his successor is knocking at the 
door. 

In the present chapter it is proposed to mark out two or 
three brief courses of professional reading for teachers— 
courses which may be pursued at odd moments at home 
and which will in no small measure take the place of simi- 
lar courses of study in teachers’ institutes and normal col- 
leges. The teacher who follows them out faithfully will 
not only be better equipped for examinations, but will be 
possessed of a broader and deeper knowledge of his pro- 
fession and consequently much better prepared to grap- 
ple with its difficulties and avoid its perplexities. 


Pedagogy. 


Pee bORY ObeEUUGA TION: 


Let us take as the starting point and basis of this 
course of reading the article EDUCATION in the seventh 
volume of the Lrztannica. This article which covers ten 
double-column pages (671-681) is the work of Oscar 
Browning, of Cambridge University, well known in this 
country for his work on Educational Theories. The ob- 
ject of the article is mainly to outline the history of edu- 
cational theories in the chief crises of their development, 
and no attempt is made to discuss the science of teaching 


250 GUIDE TO. THE 


or to describe the practical working of any particular 
method or theory. Let us then study the history of edu- 
cation from the following references: 
nts Old Greek education vill 671. 
in Groce! PaO; eee 
and Rome. Old Roman education, VII. 671. 
Quintilian, XX. 187, 514. 
Early Christian education, VII. 671. 
Clement, V. 819. 
Origen, XVII. 8309. 
Tertullian, XXIII. 196. 
Augustine, III. 75. 
Education in the Middle Ages, VII. 671. 
See also Knighthood, XIV. rio. 
Charlemagne, V. 402. 
a Alcuin; Wea: 
Middle : 
Ages. Bede vii 480. 
John Scotus Erigena, VIII. 522. 
Gerhard Groot, XI. 207. 
Thomas 4 Kempis, XIV. 31. 
Brethren\of the: Gommionsittie wy eae 
Education at the time of the Renaissance, VII. 672. 
See) also erasmitis:s Vill lems es 
utherex \ 071s 
Melanchthon, XV. 833. 


Twelve famous teachers: 
Sturm (1507-89), XVII. 673. 
Roger Ascham (1515-78), II. 677. 
Comenius (1592-1671), VI. 182. 
Famous Ignatius Loyola, XV. 31. 
Teachers. Arnauld, II. 620. 
Pascalex Vill loi23: 
August Hermann Francke, IX. 7o1. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 251 


Pestalozzi, V Il. 677. 
Froebel, IX. 792. 

— Jacotot, XIII. 530. 
Thomas Arnold, II. 626. 
Horace Mann, XV. 4092. 


Writers on education: 
Roger Ascham ( ihe ocholemaster’’),; Ll, 677. 
Montaigne, XVI. 767; VII. 674. 
sa John Locke, XIV. 751. 
RATSrees. John Milton (“ Tractate on Education ”), 
> A eB 
The Port Royalists, 1X. 661. 
Rousseau (eemile x X 15.20. 
bestalozziioleonard and Gertrude );.V 11.677. 
edie duliwicnter () Levana,), 26.540. 
Goere iW ilhelmeMWeister |), X77 32: 
Herbert Spencer, 1455 sup. 
Alexander Bain, 188 sup. 


LPS YCHOLOGY: 


The article on PSYCHOLOGY, by Professor James Ward 
Olewurinitve colleses Cambridge, (Volume. XX.) = -fills 
nearly fifty pages of the Arztannica, and contains more 
matter than the ordinary school text-books on this sub- 
ject. The teacher who cares to go so deeply 
into the study as to master this entire treatise, 

aA will probably not desire a more extended course 

of reading. It may be preferable, however, to 
read only selected portions of the article and to supple- 
ment the knowledge thus gained with collateral readings 
from other sources. In such case the following subjects 
may be included: Definition, page 37; standpoint of psy- 
chology, page 38; constituent elements of mind, page 39; 


Science 


252 GUIDE TO THE 


feeling, page 40; attention, page 41; dependence of ac- 
tion on feeling, page 43; relativity, page 49; sensation 
and movement, page 50; perception, page 52; intuition 
of things, page 55; imagination or ideation, page 57; 
obliviscence, page 61; expectation, page 63; feeling, page 
66; intellection, page 75, etc. 

Evolution of mind, VIII. 7o. 

Mental association, II. 730. 

Mental powers of man, II. 109. 

Attention, III. 52. 

Relativity of knowledge, I. 58. 

Sense distinguished from understanding, VIII. 1. 

Locke on this subject, XIV. 758. 

Faculties of perception, XVIII. 845. 

Kant on imagination, XIII. 852. 

Memory—mnemonics, XVI. 532. 

Optimism and pessimism, XVIII. 684. 


The following biographical notes should also be read: 

Aristotle; 117522; 

Xenocrates, XXIV. 719. 
Democritus, VII. 59. 

at Plato, XIX. 201. 

ees, Thomas Brown, IV. 388. 
Bishop Berkeley, III. 589. 

Pierre Charron, V. 431. 

Etienne de Condillac, VI. 251. 

Victor Gousinjay 1.525. 

Descartes, VII. 126. 

Kant, XII. 848. 

Veibnitz, vee 

Hermantiotzeex Veer 

Schleiermacher, X XI. 411. 

Schopenhauer, XXI. 457. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 253 


Hegel, XI. 620. 
Pverpartmn 1.710; 
Samuel Bailey, III. 242. 
Hume sx lin35 2: 

G.Hy Lewes, XIV. 401. 


III. MISCELLANEOUS. 


Plato’s Academy, I. 68. 
Other famous academies, I. 69. 
heen tivencum) li. 837. 
Universities, XXIII. 831. (This extensive article ex- 
hibits the universities in their historical development, each 
being brought under notice, as far as practic- 
ee re able, in the order of its original foundation.) 
Colleges. Oxford University, I€I. 317, XXIII. 837. 
@anipridcem University; nll lee5 70,01. V 720, 
XXIII. 838. 
Edinburgh University, XXIII. 846. 
University of Leipsic, XIV. 429, XXIII. 841. 
American Universities, XXIII. 857. 
Harvard University, XI. 500. 
Harvard Annex, 755 sup. 
Yale University, XVII. 394. 
Columbia College, XVII. 456. 
Provisions for secondary education in America, 606 
sup. 
Scientific and other academies, I. 70. 
Institute of France, XIII. 160. 
Scientific and other societies, X XII. 221. 
Societies for the promotion of education, XXII. 226. 
Guilds, XI. 259. 
Reformatory and Industrial schools, XX. 338. 
Physical education—Gymnastics, XI. 348. 
Technical education, XI. 105. 


254 GUIDE TO THE 


Kindergartens, XIV. 79; see, also, Froebel, 1X. 792. 
Examinations, VIII. 777. 


IV. THEORIES OF EDUCATION. 


Blato:s-sVil L070. 
Socrates's; XX 112226: 
Quintilian’s, VII. 671. 
Theories Brethren of the Common Life, XI. 207. 
Sia ce Theories of Erasmus, V11.672,. V1 Tisai: 
Theories, of oturmy wil Leong. 
Theories of Comenius, VI. 182, VII. 673. 
The Jesuits’, XIII. 645. 
The Port Royalists’, XIX. 533. 
Rousseaus’, VII, 675. 
Pestalozzi’s, XIV. 794 XXII. 708. 
Froebel’s; IX. 792. 
Herbartsela7o6: 
Locke sxc Viarzs 7 
Milton’s, XVI. 330. 


V. EDUCATION IN DIFFERENT -COUNTRIES. 


United States, XXIII. 828. 
Frances vas 12; 
Germany, X. 470. 
ADH Omere lal veel Dean 
and ‘ 
Abrogd es Ussiawe NUleeaLe 
Austria, 11.118. 
Iceland XTiy Gia: 
India Ol se7 4 
Arabingeliveo sce 
Generally a full account of the educational institutions 
of any country may be found in the article referring to 
the country in question. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 255 


Cie veMed hone: Mobs se 
THE WRITER. 


‘‘Certainly, the art of writing is the most miraculous of all things man 
has devised.’’—7homas Carlyle. 


‘‘There are two duties incumbent upon any man who enters on the 
business of writing: Truth to fact, and a good spirit in the treatment.” 
—Robert Louis Stevenson. 


FIRST, as to the manual exercise of penmanship, what 
is there in the 4rztannica which commends itself to the 
writer, or to him who is interested in the art of writing? 
Weft us See. 

Without implements and materials there can be no writ- 
ing. The history of these and the description of their 

manufacture cannot fail to be of interest. , 
Writing Read the article PEN, XVIII. 483; then INK, 
Materials. XIII. 79; then an account of the invention of 

paper, IV. 38, of its invention by the Chinese, 
V. 662, of the uses made of it in ancient times, XVIII. 
144, and finally the special article PAPER, XVIII. 217. 
meadedisosore tie Papyrus,2..V 111,237, and of Parch- 
Pct wav le 271k Vie 300,-and LV ..-37. he earliest 
writing materials are described in XVIII. 231 b. 

The history of ancient handwriting is related in a 

very comprehensive article on PALASOGRAPHY, 

Hand- XVIII. 143-165; the ancient system of Hier- 

writing. oglyphics, XI. 794; cuneiform writing, VI. 
707, and XI. 217; Mexican picture writing, 
XVI. 212; stenography, or shorthand, XXI. 836. 


256 GUIDE TO THE 


A comprehensive history and description of Alphabets 
is given in I. 600. 

The alphabets of different nations also receive separate 
notice. For example: 

The Phoenician, XI. 807, and XVIII. 802, 806; Egyp- 
tian, XI. 8073. Greek, X1. 507;"Roman) Xl lies 2 eee 
krit, XXI. 270; the old Norse Runes, XXI. 366, 370. 

The deaf and dumb alphabet is described in VII. 8; the 
phonetic method in XVIII. 812, and XXII. 39; and the 
phonographic in XXI. 836. 


The mental processes of writing are closely related to 

the various branches of language study, such as grammar, 

rhetoric, prosody, etc. Hence, the inquiry may 

Composi- be made, “ What are the principal articles in 

tion. the Lrztannica which will be interesting and use- 

ful to the busy man who wishes to acquire cor- 

rectness and facility in English composition?” Let us 
briefly notice a few. 

The special article RHETORIC, XX. 509, is interesting 
and comprehensive, and in large part historical. “Notice 
the section on rhetoric in ancient Greece, XX. 
509; that on rhetoric in the Middle Ages, XX. 
515; and that on modern writers on rhetoric, 
OSA AS: 

Still pursuing the history of this subject, read the notice 
of Aristotle's rhetoric, 11.517; of Lysias Sy XV ation 
of Quintilian’s, XX. 187. Read also the brief account of 
Whately’s famous work, XXIV. 530. 

Being fairly introduced into this study, you are now pre- 
pared to censult the Arztannica for the large number of 
separate articles relating to the terms, expressions, and 
rules of rhetoric and its kindred branches of study. Here 
are some that are found in the first two volumes; they are 


Rhetoric. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 257 


mentioned simply as examples, trusting that the reader 
will be able to find all other articles of the kind without 
further directions : 

In Volume I. Acrostic, Alcaics, Allegory, Alliteration, 
Alexandrine Verse, Anacoluthon, Anachronism, Ana- 
gram, Abbreviations, etc. 

In Volume II, Anecdote, Anticlimax, Antithesis, Au- 
tonomasia, Aphorism, Apologue, Apophthegm, etc. 

By observing the list of terms and expressions used in 
any text-book in rhetoric you may complete this list ; and 
then by finding the various articles in the Lrztannica you 
will observe how much more fully they are treated there 
than in any of the smaller manuals. 

The article GRAMMAR, XI. 37, belongs rather to the 
philologist than to the writer, and more to the student than 
to the busy man. The section on school gram- 
mars, XI. 43 a, 1s interesting, and well worth 
your reading. 

But, after all, it is chiefly through the study 
of the works of the best writers that one can hope prop- 
erly to improve his own style, and to acquire facility and 
elegance in the use of language. Hence the busy writer 
is urged to make a special study of the references in the 
chapter on JLzterature in this volume, page 64; also the 
chapter entitled Zhe Public Speaker, page 230. 


Grammar. 


ONE HUNDRED SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS. 


The following list is designed chiefly to aid teachers 
and pupils at school in the selection of subjects for es- 
says, some of the materials for which may be acquired 
through the systematic study of certain articles in the Ax- 
cyclopedia Britannica. A good rule, which every writer 
should attempt to observe, is this: ‘Never undertake to 
write upon any topic until you have made a careful study 

17 


258 GUIDE TO THE 


of that topic. Store your mind with knowledge, so that 
your writing will be the visible expression of your thoughts. 
Always have something to say before you attempt to 
speak.” The various references mentioned or pointed 
out will indicate some of the places in the Aritannica 
where information regarding those subjects may be found. 
But they are intended only as hints, and are not designed 
to relieve the student from the very necessary labor of in- 
dependent research. 

1. Temperance. See the references given in chapter 
entitled The Public Speaker, page 230. 

2. The Wonders of Electricity. See WV [lies ree 
XX. 249; also 616sup. The references in the chapter for 
The Electrictai, in this volume will be helpful. | 

3. Ancient Oratory.” See the) reterencesm tamara 
speakers, in the chapter entitled 7he Public Speaker. 

4. American Poetry. Study the article on American 
literature, I. 731-734. Read also the biographical sketches 
of the great American poets: Henry W. Longfellow, 
XIV. 680; John G. Whittier, 1627 sup.; William Cullen 
Bryant, 358 sup.; Ralph Waldo Emerson, 644 sup.; James 
Russell Lowell, 1027. sup. ; Edgar Allan Poéy Xx wees 
Walt Whitman, 1627 sup. 

5. True Greatness in Man. See biographical sketches 
of such men as Joseph, XIII. 749; Moses, XVI. 860; 
Confucius, VI. 258; Buddha, Ill. 375; Elijah Vv Eiiese ae 
Socrates, XXII. 231; Cato, V. 239; Charlemagne Verge 
King, Alfred, Iv 5065 St: =-Louis, 2OVa8 18" 8Savonare. 
AXI. 333; Galileo, =X. 363) =John= Miltonj vie 
George Washington, XXIV. 387; and many others. 

6. The Earth. See references in the Courses of Reaa- 
ing in Geography, page 101. 

7. Mountains. Refer to special article, XVII. 4; also 
to references on page 103 of this volume. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA. BRITANNICA. 259 


& ihe Ocean. Water of, X XI. 611; waves; XXIV. 
Ao eeUCDINss LL yeetempetature, Vie deatides, XXII 
Scan elisnes Nl .Oo4: 

Gmtrrear Giticsor tne WV OL1ld. = ec London ex lV, Sis: 
Paro Ube in Newsy ork, XV Lite gy 7 berlin 111: 
598; and others that will readily be suggested. Consult 
the Index volume. Population of the world’s chief cities, 
1256 sup.; of the cities of America, 465 sup.,and 571 sup. 

10. Shipsand Sailors. See chapter in this volume en- 
titled The Seaman. 

II. Progress of Inventions. See in this volume the 
readings in Archeology, page 115, and also the chapter 
entitled The /nventor, page 242. 

Igeeunee otedins eneine.  Gonsult? the. Indexe volume: 
refer also to the chapter in this volume entitled The 
Machinist. 

tseVVateand Peace. »Refer-to the chapter in this vol- 
ume entitled Zhe Soldier. See International Peace, XIII. 
197. Consult Index volume. 

ime idverye socesspecial- article, “X XI 120-cancient 
slavery, XIX. 348; negro, XVII. 319. Consult Index 
volume. Read about Wilberforce, XXIV. 565; Clark- 
son, V. 813; Garrison, X. 85; Wendell Phillips, 1230 sup. ; 
John Brown, LV. 385; history of emancipation, 641 sup. 

Psapoocialisi, =) Consults index volime. oé¢e also 75 
sup. Read about Robert Owen, XVIII.-87; Fourier, 
IX. 489; Saint-Simon, XXI. 197; Rodbertus, XX. 616; 
Proudhon, XIX. 867; the Shakers, XXI. 736; the Oneida 
Community, XVII. 772. 

16. Taxation. See references in this volume, page 240. 

P7ebne Oricin ob Lancsuase:, woce VIlIe760 consult 
Index volume under the headings, Language and Philol- 
ogy. See references in this volume, page 78. 

18. Land Tenure. Consult Index volume. See Adam 


260 GUIDE TO THE 


Smith, XIX.» 367; Ricardo, XIX. 374 si ienty secre: 
Xe 

19. Law in Ancient Times. Consult the references 
concerning the history of laws, in this volume, page 202. 

20. Feudalism. Consult Index volume. See Knight, 
XIV. 110; Castle, V.-197;" Tournaments; eX beaooe 
Chivalry (Index);shomace en 1 alo 7 cto. 

21. The Revival of Learning. See Renaissance, XX. 
380. Consult Index volume. 

22. The Art of Printing, See references in the chapters 
entitled The Printer and the Publisher, in this volume. 

23. Newspapers. See references in the chapter entitled 
The Fournalhst, in this volume. 

24. Perseverance Leads to Success. For illustrations 
of this truth, see the biographical references in this vol- 
ume, page 306. 

25. Education in Greece and Rome. See the references 
in this volume, page 250. 

26. Great Educators. ‘See the references in this vol 
ume, page 250. 

27. The-science of Education: . See the reterencess 
this volume, page 254. 

28. Famous Institutions of Learning. See the refer- 
ences in this volume, page 253. 

29. The Progress of Medical Science. See the histori- 
cal and biographical references in the chapter entitled The 
Physician, in this volume. Consult Index volume. 

30. Music and Musicians. See the references in the 
chapter entitled Zhe Musician, in this volume. 

31. The Discovery of America. See Vi174 Xia 
XI. 171; Icelandic discoveries, XII. 624; early knowl- 
edge of, X. 178; original inhabitants, XVI. 206; origin of 
name America, X. 182, and) XX1V.=102. sce saicomnme 
references on pages 52, 53 of this volume. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 261 


32. Great Americans. See the biographical references 
in this volume, page 30. 

33. Washington and Lafayete. Consult Index volume. 
See references to great Americans, page 30. 

BAperiamiltOne anaes burt occas 7 ip Sup, = tl 412, 
DOG RSG a DGD, COI. Ee ED Be 

35. Great American Orators. See the biographical ref- 
erences on page 231, of this volume. 

36. The Invention of the Telescope. Consult Index 
volume. 

37. The Telegraph and the Telephone. See the refer- 
ences in the chapter entitled 7he Electrician, page 169 of 
this volume. 

38. Astrology. See the references given on page 138, 
of this volume. 

39. The Philosopher’s Stone. See the references given 
under Alchemy, in this volume, page 137. 

40. The Progress of Chemistry. See special article, V. 
459. Consult Index volume. 

41. The Air we Breathe. Consult Index volume ; also 
see Atmosphere, Oxygen, Respiration, Ventilation, As- 
phyxia. 

42. Water and its Uses. Consult Index volume. 

om Nrious sactse AN NOUtCes reese Seca tiosrererences 
in the chapter entitled 7he Woodsman, in this volume. 

Aim Une odlat systema occethe rclerences,On-pave-ss, 
of this volume. 

45. The Moon. Consult the Index volume. 

46. The Worship of the Sun. By the Greeks, II. 185; 
by the Pheenicians, X VIII. 802; by the Sabaeans, XXIV. 
7FAteeat ticiiopolis XUX=ouseat Baalbec,- TIT, 177. 

Aime ewh ibe: aW Orshipers.. pee eNO Vin 1933 CV 
15S ew 1..070)s XX. 807. 

48. The American Indians. Consult Index volume. 


262 GUIDE TO THE 


49. African Explorations. Consult Index volume. 

50, The Arctic Regions. See 1]. 475 xl hee eee 
100 (aN G72 a espe 

51. The Gulf Stream. Consult Index volume. 

52. Great’ Rivers.” See the references on paceman mon 
this volume. 

53. Our Government. See the references in the chap- 
ter entitled Ze Statesman, in this volume. 

54. Monarchy. Consult Index volume; also see refer- 
ences on page 235, of this volume. 

55. The Mongol Races of Asia. Consult Index volume. 

56. China and Japan. Consult Index volume. 

57. Buddha and Buddhism. Consult Index volume. 

58. Missions. See the references on page 227, of this 
volume. 

69. Idolatry. See XII. 698, 710. 

60. Mohammedanism. Consult Index volume. 

61. The Jews. Consult Index volume. See also Read- 
ings for Bible Students, page 123, of this volume. 

62. The Gipsies. Consult Index volume. 

63. The Moors in Spain. See in Index volume the fol- 
lowing subjects: Spain, Arabs, Moors, Alhambra, Gran- 
ada, Ferdinand and Isabella. 

64. The Turks. Consult Index volume. 

65. The Battle of Hastings. See the following subjects 
in Index volume : William the Conqueror, Normans, Har- 
old, Hastings, Battle. 

66. Trialiby Ordealme see xX Vi lena: 

67. Trial by Jury. Consult Index volume. 

68. The Knights Templars. See Templars, in Index 
volume. 

69. Poetry. Consult Index volume. 

Consult Index volume for valuable references to the 
following subjects: 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 263 


70. Chaucer, the father of English poetry. 

71. Milton and Dante. 

72. Shakespeare’s Dramas. 

73>eune Greek Drama. “See alsoi references on, page 
70, of this volume. 

74. Pope and Dryden. 

75. Addison and the Spectator. 

76. Dr. Samuel Johnson. 

77. Dictionaries. See also references on page 82, of 
this volume. 

78. History of Agriculture. See also the chapter enti- 
tled Zhe Farmer, in this volume. 

79. Patents. See also the chapter entitled The Inventor, 
in this volume. 

80. Copyright. See also 506 sup. 

81. Books, and how they are made. See also the chap- 
ter entitled Zhe Printer and the Publisher, in this volume. 

82. On Costume. 

83. On Commerce. See also the chapter entitled Zhe 
Merchant, in this volume. 

84. On Exercise. See Athletic Sports, Health, Gym- 
nastics, Calisthenics, etc. 

85. On Games and Amusements. See also the refer- 
ences on page 45, of this volume. 

86. Domestic Animals. See Horse, Dog, Cat, Sheep, 
etc.; also the references on pages 43, 44, of this vol- 
ume. 

87. The Animal Kingdom. See also the Readings 
about Animals, page 91, of this volume. | 

88. Labor and Capital. See also the references on page 
240, of this volume; also XXIII. 500, and g60, 961 sup. 

89. Great Guns. See Guns and Gunnery, 803 sup., also 
the referenees on page 282, of this volume. 

go. Invention of Gunpowder. 


264 GUIDE TO THE 


g1. War. See also the chapter entitled Zhe Soldter, in 
this volume. 

92. Stories of Old Greece. See Legends, page 132, of 
this volume. 

93. Myths of the Old World. See the references on 
page 130, of this volume. 

94. The Greatest Books. See the references on page 
74, of this volume. 

95. The World’s Great Thinkers. See the biographical 
references on page 118, of this volume. 

96. Great Reformers.” See references on spageuse7: 
this volume. 

97. The Work of the Farmer. See the chapter in this 
volume entitled Zhe Farmer. 

98. Famous Merchants. See references on page 157, of 
this volume. 

99. The Trade of the World. See references on page 
155, of this volume. 

100. Superstition. See page 139, of this volume. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 265 


GHAR RE RET: 
THE PRINTER AND THE. PUBLISHER. 


‘*Once invent Printing, you metamorphosed all Universities, or super- 
seded them.”— Thomas Carlyle. 


faery Tr OGRALLEBY: 


ONE of the most interesting articles in the Encyclopedia 
Lritannica is that which relates to the history of printing, 
volume XXIII., pages 681-696. Here we have 
Invention an account of the first attempts at printing, 
Bae which antedated the time of Gutenberg and of 
Caxton by many years, if not by many centur- 
ies. Then follow chapters on block printing, page 682; 
on the old block books of German origin, page 683; on 
the work of Gutenberg at Mainz, page 684; on the inven- 
tion controversy, page 687; on the history of the earliest 
types, with fac-similes, page 693, etc. In connection with 
the reading of this article references may be made to the 
following articles: 
John Gutenberg, XI. 336. 
Johann Faust, IX. 853. 
William Caxton, V. 279; books printed by 
Great him, VIII. 413. 
Printers. Aldus Manutius, XV. 512, 514. Aldine edi- 
tions, 76 sup. 
Christopher Plantin, XIX. 176. 
Elzevir, VIII. 156. 
Jodocus Badius, III. 228. 


266 GUIDE TO THE 


Stephens, or Estiennes, XXII. 534. 

The history of modern types, XXIII. 695, next claims 
our attention. The Italic type, first used by Aldus 
Manutius, is said to be an imitation of the hand- 
writing of Petrarch. The origin of all other 
types in common use is explained in this chap- 
ter, which closes with a complete list of works 
on the invention, progress, and process of printing. 

The latter half of the article on Typography, XXIII. 
697, is devoted to the discussion of practical printing. 
Here are separate chapters on type-setting or composing, 
page 700; on stereotyping or electrotyping, page 702; on 
press-work and presses, page 704; on color printing, page 
708 ; on artistic printing, page 709; on the departments 
of a printing establishment, page 710. In connection with 
this part, refer to the articles, ENGRAVING, VIII. 439, and 
LITHOGRAPHY, XIV. 697. The following articles also 
contain additional information on subjects connected with 
the printers’ art: 

Latest forms of printing presses, 1271 sup. 

Type for the blind, 300 sup., and III. 327. 
Lithographic presses, XIV. Io12. 
Invention of stereotyping, X. 127. 
Eléctroty pesaver Liga rs: 

Richard M. Hoe, 847 sup. 


Types. 


Presses. 


il; BOOKS: 


See the special article on BOOKs, IV. 37. 
Constituent parts of books, III. 652. 
Ancient forms of books, XVIII. 144. 
Old Material of ancient books, IV. 37, 38. 
Books. [Early printed books, III. 652. 
Rare and curious books, III. 654. 
Anonymous and pseudonymous books, III. 657. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 267 


Condemned and prohibited books, III. 658. 
Bookbinding, IV. 41. 
Albums, IJ. 456. 
Almanacs, I. 590. 
Annals, II. 60. 
Anthologies, II. 103. 
Encyclopedias, VIII. 190. 
Libraries, XIV. 509; libraries in the United 
Libraries. States, 993 sup.; library of Congress, 1557 sup.; 
Sir Thomas Bodley, III. 848; Sir Robert Bruce 
Cotton, VI. 509; Magliabechi, XV. 217; Dibdin, VII. 
172; bibliomania, III. 655. 
Bookselling, IV. 30. 
Book trade in Europe, X. 472. 
Copyright. Copyright, VI. 356; English laws of copy- 
right, XIV. 541; international copyright, I. 720, 
and 506 sup. 


268 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAT AIC Reels tie 


THE JOURNALIST. 


‘‘ We read nowadays in the market place—I would rather say in some 
large steam factory of letter-press where damp sheets of new print whirl 
round us perpetually.”—/vrederic Harrison, 


AN entertaining and valuable article on newspapers is 
contained in the seventeenth volume of the 4rztannica, 
pages 412-437. The history of journalism in Great Britain 

is given at length and is followed by an account 

History of the newspapers of other European countries. 
race The newspapers of the United States is the 

subject of an interesting and appreciative chap- 
ter, XVII. 433-437. In a supplementary article on 
JOURNALISM, 937 sup., a sketch is given of the methods 
pursued in the publication of a great American news- 
paper, and some hints are presented with reference to the 
qualifications of the successful journalist. 

Several other articles in the 4rztannica relate directly 
or indirectly to this important subject. Among these, 
the following are especially interesting: 

ActasDiurna lize: 

Reporting, XX. 404, XXI. 841. 

Advertisements le77.337-sup- 

Printing of newspapers, X XIII. 703, 709. 

Laws relating to newspaper press, XIX. 710. 

Benjamin Franklin, IX. 711; his connection with Amer- 
ican journalism, XVII. 433. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 269 


torace Grecley, 1 1600; %.V LL, 434) 

James Gordon Bennett, III. 574. 

Henry T. Raymond, 1314 sup. 

George Ripley, XX. 567. 

PERIODICALS, XVIII. 535; history of British periodi- 
cals, page 536; of French periodicals, page 539; of 
American magazines and reviews, page 544. 

See, also, the chapters in this volume entitled respec- 
tively, Readings in the History of Literature, page 64, and 


The Writer, page 255. 


270 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAE Reeve 
THE MUSICIAN. 


‘Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie.” —A@1?01on. 


‘*Music is that one of the fine arts which appropriates the phenomena 
of sound to the purposes of poetry. It has a province of its own in 
many respects analogous to, but yet wholly distinct from, that of each 
of the other arts.”’ 


IN the seventeenth volume of the Encyclopedia Britan- 
nica (pages 77-102), Professor Macfarren, of the Univer- 
sity of Cambridge, presents a scholarly and comprehensive 
history of music, tracing its progress through western civ- 
ilization and showing how it has been changed from an 

artificial or calculated form to a natural or spon- 
ree taneous. This article not only appeals especial- 

Music, y to musicians and students of music, but it 

contains much that will interest the casual 
reader. It may be taken as the basis of a short course of 
study on this subject. It may be read in sections in con- 
nection with other special articles, as follows: 

Origin of musical instruments, page 77. (See list of 
musical instruments below.) 

Musical intervals, XVII. 78; 103. Ph 

Affinity of music to astronomy, XVII. 78. See Pytha- 
goras, XX. 137. 

Antiphony, XVII. 79; also II. 134. 

Scales, XVII. 80. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 271 


Harmony, XVII.81. Special article on, VII. 593. The 
principles of harmony are treated still further 
in part IV. of the article Acoustics, I. 107. 

Counterpoint, XVII. 82. 

Academies of music, XVII. 83. See also 
ACADEMY, I. 78, and CONSERVATORY, VI. 201. 

Troubadours, XVII. 83; also VII. 413; Minstrel, XVI. 
479. 

Madrigal, XV. 192. 

Oratorio, XVII. 85-100; also Handel’s, XI. 435 ; Hay- 
dn’s, XI. 549; Mendelssohn’s, XVI. 8. 

Hymns, XVII. 85; also the special article on this sub- 
feCueA e577. 

Choral tunes, XVII. 85. 

Dperae Vill 07400. oce ocarlatt!, Sola 375s Lully: 
XV. 63; Wagner, XXIV. 313. 

GanitatanouV 12-83. 

Symphony, XVII. 95. 

Among the many other articles on musical subjects the 
following are of especial interest : 

Voice, and vocal music, XXIV. 273. 

Plain song or chant, XIX. 168. 
Vocal Anthem, II. 102. 
Music. Agnus Dei, I. 284. 
Almai (Egyptian singers), I. 592. 

Glcew x07 7: 

Minuet, XVI. 492. 

Scientific basis of music, XVII. 102-106 (a scholarly 
article by Professor Bosanquet, of the Royal College of 
Music, London). 


Harmony. 


MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 


Drum, VII. 479. 
Flute, IX. 350. 


272 GUIDE TO THE 


Transverse Flute, XXIII. 519. 
Flageolet, IX. 351. ; 
Bassoon, III. 425. 

Deyte, eel: 

Aeolian harp, I. 182, and 39 sup. 
Harp, XI. 488. 

Leite eva 70; 

Violin, XXIV. 242. 

Hornpipe, XII. 171. 
Erench*Hornjo bar1o7. 

Oboe or Hautboy, XVII. 705. 
Trumpet, XXIII. 592. 
Trombone, XXIII. 586. 
Ophicleide, XVII. 705. 

Organ, XVII. 828-839. 
Pianoforte, XIX. 64-78. 


MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS. 


These are so numerous that we shall attempt to name 
only a few of the most famous. Reference to others may 
easily be made by consulting the Index volume. 

Beethoven, III. 504. 

Handel, XI. 433. 

Haydn, XI. 538. 

Gzerny,, VI-e7s55° 

Jennie Lind, XIV. 662. 

Adelina Patti, 1210 sup. 

Liszt, 1012 sup. 

Lully xavier 63: 

Mendelssohn, XVI. 6. 

Meyerbeer, XVI. 222. 

Moschelles, XVI. 855. 

Paderewski, 1187 sup. 

Rossini, XX. 860. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 273 


SYOaTidekiow Lie ce 
Wagner, XXIV. 313. * 
Weber (‘‘creator of romantic opera’), XXIV. 467. 
Paganini, XVIII. 134. 
Corelli, Vl 304° 
ernsc Vil 52 73 
Ole Bull, 364 sup. 
Violin makers: Stradivari, XXIV. 245; Amati, I. 654. 
See Cremona, VI. 567 and XVII. 98. 


Violin, 


18 


274 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAPEL Kee ive 
THE ARTIST. 


‘‘T know many persons who have the purest taste ‘in literature, and 
yet false taste in art, and it is a phenomenon which puzzles me nota 
little ; but Ihave never known any one with false taste in books and 
true taste in pictures.’’—Auskin. 


1G AR Weel Bee 


A GENERAL examination of the place of painting among 
the FINE ARTS will be found in the article under that 
heading, volume IX. page 206. But the most interesting 

and by far the most valuable article on this 
Se stele subject is that entitled: SCHOOLS OF PAINT- 
ING, XXI. 433-448. This article may be read 
by sections, with collateral references to 
other articles and to the notices of individual painters, as 
indicated below: 

1. Classical School of Painting. 

For the early history of painting among the Greeks and 
Romans, see Volume II. pages 353, 358, 363, 360. 

See also’ Zeuxis, XXIV. 783. Parrhasius; xX Villas oae 
Sicyon, II. 349; Apelles, II. 169. 

2. Italian School of Painting, XXI. 433 ; Giotto, X. 609 ; 
Masaccio, XV. 605; Fra Lippo Lippi, XIV. 685 ; Sandro 
Botticelli, IV. 165; Michelangelo, XVI. 229; Andrea del 
Sarto, XXI. 315; Giorgio Vasari, XXIV. 94; Raphael. 
Sanzio, XX. 274; Leonardo da Vinci, XIV. 455; Salvator 
Rosa, XX. 846; Titian, XXIII. 413. 


Painting. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 275 


3. German School of Painting, XXI. 438; Hans Hol- 
bein, XII. 53; Albrecht Dtirer, VII. 554; Hans Holbein, 
the younger, XII. 54; Anton Raphael Mengs, XVI. Io; 
Julius Schnorr, X XI. 416; Johann Fried. Overbeck, XVIII. 
76; Wilhelm von Kaulbach, XIV. 16. 

4. Flemish School of Painting, XXI. 438; Van Eyck, 
VIII. 814; Van der Weyden, XXI. 439; Hans Memling, 
XV. 846; Quintin Matsys, XV. 620; Antonio Moro, XVI. 
840; Rubens, XXI. 41; Vandyck, XXIV. 59. 

5. Dutch School of Painting, XXI. 439; Ruysdael, 
Mecleria: Vandevelde xX LV..59; Paul Potter, XTX: 
600 ; Hobbema, XII. 30; Rembrandt, XX. 373. 

6. Spanish School of Painting, XXI. 440; Zurbaran, 
Dox Veo 2OneV.elasquez, 0A) V. 132; Murillo, XVII. 55% 
Goya, XI. 22; Fortuny, XXI. 443. 

7. French School of Painting; XXI. 440; Nicolas 
Poussin, XIX. 649; Claude Lorrain, V. 814; Watteau, 
XXIV. 414; Claude Vernet, XXIV. 168; Prud’hon, XX.1; 
PlotaGessy cinet, \ oCuyV.. 100; .Welaroche, VII. 41." Rous- 
Sedu, woe 2 eviillet, XV 1321 Reonault, XX. 346: 

8. British School of Painting, XXI. 441; Hogarth, XII. 
47; Sir Joshua Reynolds, XX. 502; Gainsborough, X. 15 ; 
Richard Wilson, XXIV. 593; Paul Sandby, XXI. 257; 
Sir Henry Raeburn, XX. 218; Benjamin West, XXIV. 
505 ; William Blake, III. 804 ; Eastlake, VII. 615 ; Copley, 
Weleead7 wot ecwints andseerass LV. 28057, J.aMe Ws: 
Turner, XXIII. 663; Dante Gabriel Rossetti, XX. 857; 
Burne-Jones, 370 sup. 

Materials used in Painting, XVIII. 137. 

Painting in water colors, XVIII. 139, and 
pines eX X80: 
Bee -Enamel—On metal, VIII. 182; in jewelry, 
XIII. 679; in pottery, XIX. 601. 
Encaustic Painting, VIII. 185. 


Ne 


76 GUIDE TO THE 


Fresco, IX. 769; Raphael’s frescos, XX. 278. 

Glass Painting, X. 667. 

Aureola, III. 80. 

Tempera, <X0EIais7: 

Illumination, XII. 707. 

Mural Decoration, XVII. 34-48, (a beautifully illus- 
trated article). Wall-painting is treated on pp. 39-48. . 

Miniatures, XVI. 437. 


II. SCULPTURE. 


For the history of Greek and Roman sculpture, see the 

article on CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, II. 343. 

eres Also, Phidias, XVIII. 733; Polycletus, XIX. 

Sculpture. 416; Scopas, II. 360; Praxiteles) XTX GGae 
Lysippus, XV. 120; Arcesilaus, II. 326. 

The A*ginetan sculptures, 38 sup. 

Assyrian sculpture, III. 190. 

Etrurian art, VIII. 6309. 

Early Christian sculpture, X XI. 556. 

English sculpture, XXI. 557; John Flaxman, IX. 298; 
Francis Chantrey, V. 395; Alfred> Stevens) XC Tato 
Sir Frederic Leighton, 986 sup. 

French sculpture, XXI. 562; Jean Antoine Hou- 
don, XII. 314; Francois Rude, XXI- 50;) Davidian 
842. 

German sculpture, XXI. 564; Vischer, XV iReGsae 
Schltiter, XXI° 566; Albert Wolf, X X12 566: 

Spanish sculpture, X XI. 566. 

Italian sculpture, XXI. 567; Pisani, XIX. 122; Dona- 
tello, VII. 350; Orcagna, XVII. 814; Ghiberti Xees Gen 
Michelangelo, XVI. 230; Raphael, XX. 281; Giovanni 
da Bologna, XXI. 569; Benvenuto Cellini, V. 294; Ber- 
nini, III.604; Canova, V. 24. 

Venetian sculpture, XXIV.156; Veronese, XXIV. 172. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 277 


Scandinavian sculpture, XXI. 570; Thorwaldsen, 
OCR Ts: 

American sculpture, 1403 sup.; Hiram Powers, XIX. 
650; Thomas Crawford, VI. 554; Horatio Greenough, 
Rime Oreienty. wit kes bLownwel, 635 26a Wa VWoa Story 
1404 sup-; J. QO. A. Ward, 161i sup. ; Harriet Hosmer, 
860 sup.; Augustus St. Gaudens, 1371 sup. 

Technical methods of sculpture (how a piece of statu- 
abpaisemadeyeX X15 71. 

Alto Relievo, I. 643. 

heHeigl “cos ih cliciein, wallidecorations, -V Lie i24c; 
Relations of sculpture to the Fine Arts, IX. 205. 


Pia RO REN YS OE EG. 


The special article on this subject, XIX. 600-643, is one 
of much interest, amply and beautifully illus- 
Pottery trated. 
7 aoe Prehistoric pottery, XIX. 602. 
orcelain, 
Egyptian pottery, XIX. 603. 

Assyrian, XIX. 604. 

Pheenician, XIX. 605. 

Hellenic, XIX. 611. 

Etruscan, XIX. 615. 

Greco-Roman and Roman, XIX. 617. 
Persian and Moslem, XIX. 619. 
Teutonic and Saxon, XIX. 623. 
Medieval, XIX. 624. 

Majolica ware, XIX. 624. 

Spanish and Portuguese, XIX. 628. 
French, XIX. 629. 

Bernard Palissy, XVIII. 186. 

Medieval German ware, XIX. 630. 
English, XIX. 631. 

Josiah Wedgwood, XXIV. 476. 


i) 


78 GUIDE TO THE 


Ancient Mexican ware, XIX. 633. 

Chinese porcelain, XIX. 633. 

Sevres ware, XIX. 637. 

Dresden ware, XIX. 639. 

English porcelain, XIX. 640. 

Terra cotta, XXIII. 190; Assyrian terra cotta, II. 399; 
Etruscan, VIII. 641; Japanese, XII. 599. 

Tiles, XXII. 387; encaustic tiles, VIII. 187; for walk 
linings, XVII. 36. 

Mosaic work, XVI. 849; of Egyptians and Romans, 
XVI. 850; of the Middle Ages, XVI. 852. 


IV. METAL WORK. 


Metal work as an ornamental art, XVI. 71. 
Metal work of Greece, XVI. 73. 
Brasses_ Of Italy, XVI. 74. 
_ nel! Of Enelandsviien: 
ronzes. 
Of-Germany, 2x Viraeaze 
Brassés, U:Vee2lo say adoo4. 
Bronze work, XVI. 71, 
Japanese bronze work, XIII. 591. 
Chinese bronze work, IV. 366. 
Venetian bronze work, XXIV. 156. 
Iron work in architecture, II. 466. 
Hammered metal work, XVI. 72. 
Damaskeening, VI. 793. 


V. WOOD WORK. 


Wood carving XXIV. 644 (a six-page illustrated article, 
treating mainly of ancient and medieval work). 
Wood Wood carving in Switzerland, XXII. 779. 
Carving. Buhl work, IV. 446. 
Inlaying, XIII. 81. 
Marquetry, IX. 849. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 279 


VES PHOTOGRAPHY: 


Special article on Photography, XVIII. 821, with sup- 
plement giving an account of the most recent 
Progress improvements and discoveries, 1230sup.; see also: 
rae Daguerre, VI. 761. 
Niepce, XVII. 495. 
Photogravure, XXII. 717. 
Photo-engraving, XVIII. 834. 
(CaMmeraelVie7A0,. 741 VL. 630. 
Instantaneous photography, 1233 sup. 
Woodburytypes, Albertypes, 1233 sup. 
Artotypes, Heliotypes, Collotypes, Leimtypes, photo- 
lithographs, ink-photos, 1234 sup. 
Zincotypes, typo-gravures, goupil-gravures, etc., 1235 sup. 


VII. ENGRAVING. 


Special article on Engraving, VIII. 435. Wood en- 
graving, VIII. 436; early engraving on wood, 
History V.g99; in time of Albrecht Dtirer, VII. 554; 
of ___Bewick, III. 621. 
Engraving. : 
Copper and steel plate engraving, VIII. 4390; 
Mantegna, XV. 501; Audran, III. 70; Ferdinand Gail- 
lardw Vv UL 44 3: 
Etching, VIII. 443. 
Mezzotint, VIII. 445. 


VIII. MISCELLANEOUS. 


Drawing, VII. 446-451. Beginning on page 448, the 
article is an interesting and very readable 
critique on the art of delineation as practiced 
by different artists, and in different countries. 
SNOUELtG a 430 SUD. ; Caricature, Vs 102: 
Illumination of written or printed texts, XII. 707; illu- 


Drawing. 


280 GUIDE TO THE 


minated borders of books, XXIII. 696; illuminated man- 
uscripts, Vieas5; XN Lievor: 
Silhouette, 1430 sup. 
Oramen- Arabesques, I. 233. 
tation. Embossing, VIII. 160. 
Stamped leather for wall decoration, XVII. 37. 
Embroidery, VIII. 160. 
Gilding, X. 593. 
Lacquer work, XIV. 194. 
Lapidary, XIV. 208. 
Cameo, IV. 738 ; cameos of medizval times, IV. 730. 
Work in ivory, XIII. 520. 
Jewelry, XIII. 675-679. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 281 


CEOAIB TORS cL aly 
THE SOLDIER. 


‘‘In books we find the dead as it were living; in books we foresee 
things to come; in books warlike affairs are methodized; the rights of 
peace proceed from books.’’—Aichard de Bury. 


AMONG the many articles in the Brztannica which are of 
especial interest to the soldier, perhaps there is none of 
greater practical value than that on War, XXIV. 
343-306. This is,in short, a comprehensive 
treatise on the effective organization and em- 
ployment of armies in active warfare. To offi- 
cers in the military service its importance will be at once 
apparent. The first section of the article is of an historical 
character, and will appeal to the interest of the non-mili- 
tary reader, as well as to that of the soldier. Other sec- 
tions relate to strategy, page 349, infantry tactics, page 
354, cavalry tactics, page 358, and artillery tactics, page 359. 
It concludes with a special chapter on naval strategy and 
tactics, page 363. 

The article ARMY, II. 559-619, is of no less interest. 
The history of the armies of ancient and medieval times, 
which occupies the first four pages, is of im- 
portance to every student. This is followed by 
other historical sections equally valuable, as, 
Modern armies, page 563; the British army, 
page 568, etc. The great armies of the world are each 
described in a separate chapter: 


Wear. 


The Army. 


252 GUIDE TO THE 


British army, II. 572. 
German army, II. 593. 
French army, II. 600. 
Austrian army, II. 604. 
Russian army, II. 608. 
Italian army, II. 612. 
Other European armies, II. 614. 
Army of the United States, II. 619, with a supplemen- 
tary article giving the latest statistics, 143 sup. 
Army regulations, II. 147. 
Other articles relating to the profession of arms are as 
follows: 
Arms and armor (a very interesting historical 
The article, with illustrations), II. 553-558. 
Rieeee Militia, XVI. 299, with a brief supplementary 
"article relating especially to the militia of the 
United States, 1079 sup. 
Cavalry, V. 261. 
Artillery (special article with reference to this branch of 
warfare), II. 655. 3 
Battery, III. 443. 
Military academies in the United States, 1078 sup. 
Military law, XVI. 295. 
Aldershott camp, I. 474. 
Ambulance, I. 665. 
Ammunition, I. 744. 
Archery—warfare with bows and arrows, II. 371. 
Armada, II. 543. 
Armisticesi ites ca: 
Arsenal, II. 632; smokeless ammunition, 1441 sup. 
Barracks, III. 390. 
Battle, III. 443-445. 
Military costumes, VI. 477. 
Enlistment, VIII. 446. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 283 


Fortification, IX. 421-468 (with index on page 468). 

Gendarmerie, X. 142. 

German army, present status of, 749 sup.; German navy, 
750 sup. 

Gunnery, XI. 297-315, and 803 sup. 

Legion of Honor, XIV. 417. 

Parole, 1204 sup. 

Pontoon, XIX. 456. 

Greek fire, XI. 159. 

Roman equites, VIII. 509. 

Feudal military service, XIV. 114. 

Knighthood, XIV. Ito. 

Gentlemen-at-arms, 742 sup. 

Military tactics of the Arabs, II. 253. 

Condottiere, VI. 256. 

History of the sword, XXII. 800. 


FIFTY FAMOUS BATTLES. 


Marathon (490 B. C.), XI. 99. 
Thermopylae (480 B. C.), XI. 100. 

Salamis (480 B. C.), XXI. 205, XI. 100. 
Great | Cunaxa (401 B.C.), VI. 753. 
Battles. Arbela (331 B. C.), I. 482. 

Caudine Porks: (321. BsC:), XX8 742: 
Drepanum (249 B.C.), XXIII. 522. 
Philippi (42 B. c.), XVIII. 746. 
/AWelu lacey (heat (eed boy Bie 
Siege of Jerusalem (7o A.D.), XIII. 428. 
Adrianople (378 A.D.), XXIV. 36. 
Chalons-sur-Marne (451 A.D.), V. 378. 
Soissons (486 A. D.), IX. 528. 
SOULS ZG 2A Da) AV GRA ZO: 
Roncesvalles (778 A. D.), XX. 626. 
Dunsinane (1054 A. D.), XVIII. 667. 


284 GUIDE TO THE 


Hastings (1060 A. D.), VIII. 291, XXII. 725. 
Evesham (1265 A.D.), XVI. 788. 
Bannockburn (1314 A. D.), VII. 683. 

Cressy (1346 A. D.), VII. 686. 

Poitiers (1356 A. D.), VII. 686. 

Sempach (1386 A. D.), XV. 40, XXII. 784. 
Otterburn (1388 A.D.), XXI. 490. 
Agincourt (1415 A.D.), I. 282. 
Floddens(1515 40D: )s XL ass 7. 

Ivry (1590 A.D.), IX. 564. 

Naseby (1645 A.D.), VI. 599. 

Worcester (1651 A.D.), VI. 601. 

Boyne (1690 A. D.), XIII» 268. 

Blenheim (1704 A. D.), III. 126. 

Pultowa (1709 A. D.), V. 421. 

Culloden (1746 A.D.), VI. 696. 

Quebec (1759 A. D.), IX. 590, XXIV. 630. 
Lexington (1775 A. D.), XXIII. 740. 
Bunker Hill (1775 A.D.), XXIII. 740. 
Saratoga (1777 A.D.), XXIII. 744. 
Yorktown (1781 A.D.), VI. 428, XXIII. 745. 
Hohenlinden (1800 A. D.), III. 132. 
Austerlitz (1805 A. D.), III. 132, 444. 
Jena( 180674) Dexia a; 

Waterloo (1815 A.D.), III. 442. 

Vera Cruze 1o47e4 4s) es lavemio2e 
Balaklava (1855 A. D.), VI. 587. 

Siege of Lucknow (1857 A.D.), XII. 810. 
Solferino (1859 A.D.), III. 139, 1X. 524. 
Bull Run (1361 *A5D.), xX Lier ce 77, 
Vicksburg (1863 A.D.), XXIII. 778. 
Gettysburg (1863 A.D.), III. 444. 
Sadowa (1866 A. D.), XIV. 138. 

sedan (1870 A.D.) ix 627: 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 285 


SEA FIGHTS. 


Spanish Armada (1588 A.D.), II. 543. 

Battle of theaNiles(n7ooea.D.) av ll leans: 

Battle of Trafalgar (1805 A.D.), VI. 146; XVII. 343. 
Monitor and Merrimac (1862 A, D.), 142 sup. 


SOME GREAT SOLDIERS. 


Cyrus:the Great, VI--752. 
Alexander the Great, I. 480. 
Hannibal, XI. 441. 

Scipio Africanus, X XI. 467. 

Julius Cesar, IV. 632. 
Charlemagne, V. 402. 

Jenghis Khan, XIII. 620. 

William the Conqueror, XXIV. 574. 
Godfrey of Bouillon, VI. 624. 
Saladin, XVI. 588. 

Robert Bruce, XX. 592. 

The Black Prince, VII. 686. 

Earl Warwick, XXIV. 381. 

Oliver Cromwell, V1. 597. 

Gustavus Adolphus, XI. 333. 

Peter the Great, X VIII. 608. 
IeteceriGk settler aredtal \e7 356 
Marlborough, XV. 553. 

General Washington, XXIV. 387. 
Napoleon Bonaparte (see Index volume). 
The Duke of Wellington, XXIV. 493. 
Ulysses S. Grant, 774 sup. 

keojsyepdem Dy, JDL IN aie} 

Count von Moltke, 1095 sup. 


286 CUIDE “LO stHE 


CHATADE Ke iy ite 
THE SEAMAN. 


‘“‘But a great book that comes from a great thinker—it is a ship of 
thought, deep freighted with truth, with beauty too.’’— Theodore Parker. 


THE subject of greatest importance to all navigators is 
ships. The history of ship-building, from the first rude 
efforts of primitive man to the wonderful 
pee ge achievements of the present time, is a topic full 
ais of interest to both seamen and landsmen. In 
the twenty-first volume of the Ancyclopedia 
Britannica, page 804, there is a readable and very enter- 
taining article on the development of the ship and of the 
art of navigation, particularly in’ ancient and medieval 
times. The ships of the Phcenicians, the first race of sea- 
faring men, are further described) in XV Ell cae 
ships used by the Greeks in the time of Homer, and also 
the war vessels, biremes and triremes, used in the earli- 
est sea fights, are noticed at considerable length in the 
pages which follow. Medizval merchant vessels are de- 
scribed on page 808. 
Turn next to the history of modern navies, by Lieuten- 
ant J. D. Jerrold Kelly, volume XVII., page 
Modern 279. If you are still further interested in this 
Navies. branch of the subject, read the supplementary 
article on the Naval Force of the United States, 
1113 sup., also the brief article which precedes it on the 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 287 


Naval Academy at Annapolis. Read the article, Ma- 
RINES, XV. 544. 

The very exhaustive article on SHIP-BUILDING, XXI. 

809-826, contains much information of general interest. 
Read the introductory paragraphs, page 8009, 

Ship- the description of the “ Great Western” and 

building. the “Great Eastern,” page 815, the paragraphs 
on Propulsion, pages 822, 823, and the section 
on Boat-building, page 825. 

The article on ROWING, XXI. 29, will appropriately 
supplement this section. It gives an account of the boats 

of early times, of the coracles of the ancient 

Boats —_ Britons, of the galleys introduced by Alfred the 

and ; 

Boating, Great, and of the barges of the Norman period. 

It also relates briefly the history of BOAT RAc- 
ING, and concludes with a number of practical rules and 
directions for rowing. 

Turn next to the article on Sail, Sail-cloth, Sail-making, 
XXI. 153, and notice especially what is said about sail- 
making. 

Read the article on SEAMANSHIP, XXI. 589-605. This 
article embraces a great variety of information relative to 

the duties and labors of a seaman: how to 

Seaman- make knots, bends, and splices, page 592; how 
ship. to distinguish and name the spars and rigging 
of different kinds of vessels, page 594; how to 

lower rigging and set up stays, page 595; how to cast 
anchor, page 597; all about mooring swivels, anchors, and 
cablés= page 598, etc, “At the end of the article, page 
603, there is a complete glossary of terms used by seamen. 

The article on laws relating to seamen, X XI. 605-608, 
is worthy of some attention; and the two articles on Right 
of Search, X XI. 608, and 1406 sup., are also of interest to 
seamen. So, too, is MARITIME LAw, XXI, 583. 


288 GUIDE TO THE 


The article on NAVIGATION, or the art of conducting a 
ship across the ocean, XVII. 250-277, next claims our at- 
tention. The first half of this article contains 
a good deal of valuable historical information. 
The latter half is more technical and scientific, 
and is an exhibition of the theory and art of 
practical or modern navigation. A more popular course 
of reading would include the following articles or parts of 
articles: 

Rudder and Helm, X XI. 602. 

Anciter, [lee3: 

Gablem Ly 26217 

Capstan, V. 28. 

Bottomry, IV. 167. 

Loge x ivieoe 

Buoy, IV. 530. 

Sailor's Knots; XIVa128: 

Sounding, XXII. 280. 

Naval Signals, XXII. 40. 

Mariner’s compass, VI. 225, XV. 518. 

Sextant, ec lee ao 

Datitude, Xx 19s) exsVal Leznae 

Longitude; X XT 047 Xa G7 OS line Se 

Tides s200 Pil san 3s 

Ocean: Currents] xX 283 ewe Villa 275. 

Gulf Stream, III. 19. 

Trade Winds, XVI. 143. 

Harbors less: 

Dockyards, VII. 310. 

Law of Ports, XI. 471. 

Pilot, XIX. 96. 

Piracy, eX ao: 

Privateering, XIX. 764. 

Canals, IV. 782; Caledonian canal, 1V 9787 canalsein 


Navigation. 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 289 


Holland, IV. 788; proposed canals, IV. 792; Panama 
canal, 1192 sup. 

Canoes, IV. 811. 

Paper boats, 1193 sup. 

Yachting, XXIV. 722. 

Lighthouses, XIV. 615. 

Lifeboat, XIV. 570. 

Salvage, XXI. 237. 

Tonnage, XXIII. 442. 

Admiral, I. 154. 


19 


290 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAE re Reese Velie 
THE RAILROAD MAN. 


‘“What Mr. Robert Stephenson recently said of the locomotive, at a 
meeting of engineers at Newcastle, is true of nearly every other capital 
invention: ‘It is due,’ he said, ‘not to one man, but to the efforts of a 
nation of mechanical engineers.’ —Samuel Smiles. 


NoT only railroad men but all intelligent readers will be 
interested in the story of how the modern railway has 
been developed from the old tramways of two 


Dae hundred years ago—a story which is briefly but 
Railway. entertainingly told in the twentieth volume of 


the Britannica, beginning on page 223. The 

article of which this story is the beginning, contains a vast 
amount of information about railways; railway construc- 
tion, page 232; railway stations, page 235; engine-sheds 
and switches, page 237; rails, page 241 ; locomotives, page 
244; carriages and cars, page 247; application of elec- 
tricity, page 250, etc. The information contained in this 
article may be variously supplemented from the following : 

George Stephenson, XXII. 537. 

Locomotive engines, XXII. 520. 

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, IV. 396. 

Testing railway rails, XIII. 354. 

Development of railways in the United States, XX. 253. 

The railways of the world, 1302 sup. 

Railroad speed, 1309 sup. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 291 


Facts concerning railroads in the United States, 1308 
sup. 

Pacific railways, I. 715. 

George M. Pullman, 1291 sup. 
Railway Railway brake, XX. 240. 
Topics. The Westinghouse brake, XX. 240. 
Railway bridges, IV. 285. 

Laws relating to railways, XX. 250. 

Law of abandonment, I. 5. 

Use of railways in time of war, XXIV. 340. 

Electric railways, XXIII. 495. 

Atmospheric railways, III. 36. 

Express carrying system, 657 sup. 

Statistics of railways, 1302 sup. 

See now the chapters The Mechanic, The Inventor, The 
Engineer, The Machinist, in this volume, and consult such 
references under each head as may seem interesting and 
valuable to you. | 


292 GUIDE TO THE 


CHAE Tisha oCh EXe 


THE WOODSMAN. 


‘* Love of trees and plants is safe. You do not run risks in your af- 

fections.’’—Alex. Smith. 
‘‘The love of knowledge comes with reading and grows upon it.’’ 
—Henry Ward Beecher 


IN this chapter the word woodsman will be used ina 
broad and somewhat unusual sense. It will include every 
one who is in any way actively interested in trees and es- 
pecially in the trees of the forest: First, the man who 
regards trees only as objects of trade and profit, and 
views them always from an economical standpoint, caring 
for them only so far as they are of practical use to man- 
kind ; second, those who love trees for their beauty, their 
fragrance, their grateful shade, their friendship; and third, 
those who take pleasure in studying them in their scientific 
aspects, observing their modes of growth and their influ- 
ence upon climate, soil, and various forms of vegetable and 
animal life. For all these ‘““woodsmen” the Encyclopedia 
Britannica has a variety of entertaining and trustworthy 
information. 

As an introduction tothe study of trees, read the arti- 
cle on FORESTRY, 706 sup. Then turn to the 
very comprehensive article, Forests and Forest 
Administration, IX. 396-410, and notice the 
practical character of the information there 
given. After this, read of the Forests of the United States, 
XX XIII. 803-807. Another article of much value is that 


Forests. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 293 


on ARBORICULTURE, II. 314-324. This, of course, relates 
especially to the growing of trees as one branch of agri- 
culture. Read particularly the section relating to the 
culture of trees, II. 315,and the supplementary article 
on the same subject, 129 sup. Valuable practical sugges- 
tions are also given with relation to plantations of forest 
frees ly 322 dee Of an accounteou tieatimpered tTecion 
of the United States, see 1566 sup. For the forests of 
Canada, see IV. 773. The climatic influences of forests 
are discussed in 708 sup. 

Of especial interest to lumbermen is the article on SAW- 

MILLS, XXI. 344. An account of the lumber 

Pee tie trade in the United States is given in XXIII. 
' 811. The trade in Michigan receives notice in 

XVI. 238, as also does that of Canada in IV. 774. 

The uses of wood as building material are described in 
Vere iSeats otrencth, VIII 816, and X X11..603:;, its value 
ag iiel’ 1X.2808. 

It is of course impossible in this chapter to name all the 
articles in the Srz¢tannica that have reference to individual 
forest trees. It may not be amiss, however, to direct 
especial attention to the following: 

Oak, XVII. 689—an illustrated article very interesting 

to all lovers of trees; the strength of oak wood, 

Timber X11. 603; the use of oak bark for tanning, 

Trees. XIV. 9381; the oak in the United States, 

XXIII. 808. 

Flic lle abe ecuicurecot Lana 7, 

Pine, XIX. 102; strength of wood, XXII. 693; pines 
of California, IV. 704; pinesof the Alps, XIX. 102; cul- 
Elite: Ofsal iss 10. 

ital Xe 222 strenotneolnwood,.\-\ LI. 603 > scotch 
pines en UX TOs: 

Boxwood, IV. 181; uses of wood, XXIV. 645. 


204 GUIDE TO THE 


Rosewood, XX. 851. 

Logwood, XIV. 805; XII. 133. 

Mahogany, XV. 288; IX. 406; strength of wood, XXII. 
603. 

Eucalyptus, VIII. 649; XIII. 593; eucalyptus in Aus- 
tralia, XXIV. 216, 508. 

The great trees of California are described in IV. 704 
and XXI. 673. 

Of the trees that are valuable for their products but 

not valuable as timber, it may be interesting to 

Valuable note the following : 

Teac Cinchona (quinine tree), V. 780. Its culti- 

vation in Peru; X VIII. 673; in Indiajel ieee: 

and XII. 751; and in the Himalaya mountains, XI. 833. 

Caoutchouc (india rubber), 1X. 154; XVIII. 673; IV. 
220 5° X lies she andi Vos: 

Oliver ON LI7Or ea a6. 

Orange, XVII. 810. 

Lemon Vv Llt 47. 

Banana, [11307 5X 1X61 76--Fand Xl Xero: 

Mulberry, XViLI 1S sandexoc iia 3: 

But for the common fruit trees see the chapter entitled 
The Gardener, p. 192, of this volume. | 


COFFEE PLANT,’ cultivation ‘of, V. 110; in] Brazieeeys 
227; in Cuba, VI--681; in Arabia, 1]. 227.5 ins) avageniaeee 
603 = ih: Ceylon V2.6; 

TEA PLANT, XXIII. 97, and IV. 738; cultivation of in 
China, V. 636 in-India, X11 e75ofandal LigecGs: 

Gocoasor Cacao mi) mLOO: 
Food? a"S Date Palm, VI. 831, XVIII, 190; of Arabia, 

Trees, Il. 237. 

FigyelXa153: 

Almond, I. 594. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 295 


Aloe I. 597. 

Bread Fruit, IV. 243. 

Among the curious trees of the world, mention may be 
made of the Banyan, III. 348; Baobab, I. 268; Bo, or 
sacred fig tree, IX. 154; Upas Tree, XXIII. 859, and this 
list might be extended indefinitely. 

See now Chapter XXX., The Gardener. 

Read the chapter on Parks of the World, 1198 sup. ; 
that on the Parks of the Rocky Mountain 
Region, VI. 161, and XXIII. 796; and the ar- 
ticle on NATIONAL PARKS, 1200 sup. 

In conclusion the reader’s attention is direct- 
ed to the article on ARBOR DAY, 129 sup., and the addi- 
tional paragraph on the same subject, XII. 848. 

The above references are sufficient to indicate the vast 
amount of curious, interesting and instructive information 
that may be derived from the Lrztannica with reference to 
this subject of trees. 


Parks. 


290 GUIDE TO THE 


GieWeGe lat. thy 


THE MINER. 


‘* Excellence is never granted to man but as‘the reward of labor.”’ 
—Sir Joshua Reynolds. 


MINING, or the process by which useful minerals are 
obtained from the earth’s crust, is treated with great ful- 
ness in the Lrztannica. The special article on this subject, 
XVI. 440-472, is a valuable treatise, amply il- 
lustrated with cuts and diagrams, and replete 
with interesting information for all who are 
engaged in this branch of industry. It may be 
read by sections, in connection with collateral references 
to other articles relating to the different branches of the 
subject. 

1. Manner in which the useful minerals occur in the 
earth’s crust, viz., tabular deposits and masses, faults or 
dislocations, X VI. 440-442. 

2. Prospecting, or search for minerals, XVI. 442-443. 

3. Boring with rods and ropes—diamond drills, XVI. 


443-444. 


Mining. 


4. Breaking ground— Tools employed — 
Mining Blasting—Machine drills—Driving levels and 
Processes, sinking shafts, XVI. 444-449. See also, Blast- 
ing sil soss Xe Ts G62: 
5. Employment of Labor, XVI. 449. 
6. Securing excavations by timber, iron, or masonry, 


XVI. 449-451. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA. 297 


7. Working away of veins, beds, and masses, XVI. 
451-455. 
8. Carriage of minerals along underground roads, 
XVI. 455-456. 
g. Raising minerals to the surface, XVI. 456-457. 
10. Drainage of mines, XVI. 457-4509. 
11. Ventilation and lighting of mines, XVI. 459-461. 
12. Means of descending and ascending, XVI. 461- 
462. 
13. Preparation of ores, XVI. 462-467. 
14. Laws relating to mining, XVI. 466. 
15. Accidents in mines, XVI. 466—467. 
For statistics respecting the product of the world’s min- 
ing, and especially the mineral products of 
Mineral the United States, see 1084 sup. 
Products. For a special account and description of the 
minerals of any particular country, see the ar- 
ticle relating to that country; for instance, if you wish to 
know what minerals are produced in India, see under IN- 
Diss le 704 de isomnotessuch references-as the fol 
lowing : 
Minerals of the Appalachian Mountains, II. 201. 
Gold and Silver in Bolivia, IV. 13. 
Minerals in Borneo, IV. 57. 
Minerals in Burmah, IV. 552. 
Gold in California, IV. 701. 
Minerals in Arabia, II. 244. 
Minerals in Australia, III. 109. 
Minerals in Cuba, VI. 680. 
And hundreds of others of like character. 
For interesting historical notes on the discovery and 
use of certain metals, see METALS, XVI. 63. 
Special articles are devoted to all the great minerals, as 
follows : 


298 GUIDE TO THE 


COAL, VI. 45-85 ; classification of coal, VI. 45; origin 
of, VI. 47; X. 238; anthracite coal of the Uni- 
The Great ted States, Il. 106, and 2exI PISS tw gcoaeaa 
Minerals. ing, VI. 61 (see Coalfields, in Index volume, 
XXV. 103); analysis of coal, VI. 80; area of 

coalfields in the United States, 482 sup. and I. 680. 

GOLD, X. 740; gold-mining, X. 745 and IV. 791; gold 
in the United States, XXIII, 817, 814, -andmiO4esupss 
world’s annual product of gold, 1084 sup. ; gold mines of 
AMericapaleslo: 

SILVER, XXII. 69; description<of silver xa eee 
world’s product of silver, 1084 sup.; how silver is mined, 
NL AyO 

IRON, XIII. 278; ores of iron, XVI. 58; iron mining in 
the United States, XXIII. 811; American production of 
iron, 916 sup.; rolling-mill product of iron, XX. 1352; 
iron industry in the United States, X XIII. 813; strength 
of iron, XXII. 603. (See also Index volume, page 226.) 

COPPER, VI. 347; copper mining, XVI. 452; production 
in the United States, XXIII. $165 in. Michigans ae 
239; copper pyrites, XX. 129; copper smelting oxi 
733: 

LEAD, XIV. 374; production of lead in the United 
States, XXIII. 817, and 1084 sup.; in Missouri, XVI. 525 ; 
lead mining, X VI. 465 ; description of lead ores, XVI. 383. 

ZINC, XXIV. 784; production of zinc in the United 
States, XXIII. 817, and 1084 sup.; treatment of zinc ores, 
XVI. 465. 

TIN, XXIII 400; ores of, XVI. 58; production in the 
United States, XXIII. 816; discoveries in corrosion of, 

439 sup.; history of mines in Cornwall, VI. 425. 
Metallurgy. Read finally the articleon METALLURGY, XVI. 

57-62, describing the methods used industrially 
for the extraction of metals from their ores. See also: 


ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 299 


Amalgamation of gold, X. 747; of silver, XXII. 69; 
mercurial amalgam, I. 652. 

Blast furnace, IX. 840. 

Assaying, II. 724. 

Table of fusibility of metals, XVI. 66. 

See the two chapters which follow, The Mineralogist 
and The Geologist. 


300 GUIDE TO THE 


CHARTERS 
THE MINERALOGIST. 


A COMPLETE description of mineral species, illustrated 

with numerous diagrams and cuts, is given XVI. 380-429. 
Very many of the minerals so described are no- 
Mineral iced at still greater length in special articles. 
Species. The following are a few of the most important: 
Alabaster, I. 439. 

Alum 1s.043 XV leeso2: 

Aluminium, I. 647. 

Amber, I. 659. 

Amethyst, I. 736. 

Anthracite, II. 106. 

Antimony, II. 129. 

Arsenic, II. 634. 

Asbestos, II. 675. 

Asphaltum, II. 715. 

Barytes, III. 406. 

Beryl liizor:: 

Bismuth, III. 790. 

Bitumen, XVI. 428. 

Borax, IV. 50. 

Calcite, X. 228. 

Calce-Spatelvabse: 

Calomels Vee 7.1 

Carbuncle, V. 89. 

Carnelian,I. 277. 

Chalcedony, I. 277. 

Chalky Vte3 72; 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 301 


Cinnabar, V. 785. 

Clays, X. 237. 

Coals (see references given in Chapter L.). 

Dale Vile O1s Nee te 

Copper (see references given in Chapter L.). 

opperas,. Vib 35 2: 

Diamond, VII. 162; diamond mining, XVI. 455; in 
South AiricawVe42; in Brazile lV2 224; ‘in ‘India, XII. 
766; cutting diamonds, XIV. 298. 

Migetaid V1 Lierzo. 

imntig, Va UU RS seat 

Felspar, X. 227. 

inte e325: 

Fuller’s earth, IX. 816. 

Brac aa. V3 75 

Garnet, VIII. 640. 

Gold (see references given in Chapter L.). 

Graphite, XVI. 381. 

Gypsum, XI. 351. 

Hornblende, X. 228. 

Hornstone, XVI. 380. 

teem Ll Oni: 

Iceland Spar, IV. 653. 

Iron (see references given in Chapter L.). 

Jasper, XIII. 596. 

Petes LEI 072: 

Kaolin, XIV. 1, go. 

Lead (see references given in Chapter L.). 

Lignite, VI. 46. 

Limestone, X. 232. 

Bodies lea 2A- 

Magnesia, XV. 218. 

Manganese (red), XVI. 398. 

lar Dew Vae5 26: 


302 GUIDE TO THE 


Marl, IV= 281. 

Meerschaum, XV. 825. 

Mercury, XVI. 31 (see Index volume, page 288). 

Meteoric iron, XIII. 285. 

Vicawaeweeo: 

Naphtha, XVII. 174. 

Nickel, XVII. 487. 

Opal, XVII. 777. 

Petroleum, XVIII. 712; as fuel, IX. 809, 1400 sup.; 
production in the United States, 1084 sup.; pipe lines for 
supply of, 1226 sup. 

Platinum, XIX. 189. 

Pyrites, XX. 128. 

Quartz, XX. 160. 

Rock-salt, X. 228, X XI. 230.- 

Ruby, XXI. 47. 

Sait, X XI. 228; mines in Austria, III. 120; on Caspian 
Sea, V. 178; production in the United States, XXIII. 817, 
1374 Sup. 

maltpetre; xX Xie 3s: 

Sapphire, xo. lasso: 

Sappirite, XVI. 409. 

Shale, XVI. 424; bituminous, XVIII. 240. 

Silver (see references givery in Chapter L.). 

Slate, XXII. 127; quarries of, XVI. 454; production in 
the United States, 1087 sup. 

Sulphur, XXII. 634; mines in Sicily, XXII. 30; in For- 
mosa, V. 636. 

Talep e228: 

Tin (see references given in Chapter L.). 

Topaz, XXVIII. 446. 

Tourmaline, X. 228. 

Umber, XVI. 425. 

Zinc (see references given in Chapter L.). 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 303 


CHART Res TT: 


THE GEOLOGIST. 
‘Sermons in stones, and good in everything.’’— Shakespeare. 


THE practical importance of the work of the geologist 
is now very generally recognized. It is his to investigate 
not only the manner in which the evolution of the earth’s 
great surface features has been effected, but by studying 
the peculiarities of local formations, to discover what im- 
portant minerals are probably concealed within the earth’s 
crust in given situations, what is the nature of the soil, 
and, in general, what are the hidden mineral resources of 
the country. The general article on GEOLOGY, X. 212- 
375, by the celebrated Archibald Geikie, is a very com- 
plete and excellent introduction to the study of this science. 
It is amply illustrated, and the special index, on page 375, 
will assist the busy inquirerin finding the answer to almost 
any question on this subject that may be suggested. 

The cosmical aspects of geology, X. 213-220, may be 
studied still further by reference to the article Cosmogony, 
VI. 446. For additional curious hypotheses concerning 
eheeanioieo theseatth, seeal. 400. 111 1o3--X Vil 143. 
and XXII. 564. 

Dynamical geology, especially that portion of the sub- 

ject which seeks to unravel the complicated pro- 
Dynamical cesses by which each continent has been built 
Geology. up, is further treated under the head of PHys- 
ICAL GEOGRAPHY, X. 210. See also: 
Mountains, XVII. 4, 10, and I. 623. 


304 GUIDE TO THE 


Volcanoes, X. 240. 

Earthquakes, VII. 608 (Index vol. page 141). 

Rivers, XX. 571. 

Lakes, XIV. 216. 

Paleontological geology, or the study of organic forms 
found in the crust of the earth, is the subject of an inter- 
esting chapter, X. 319-325. The subject is treated still 
further in the following articles: 

Distribution, VII. 267. 
Paleontol- Birds, III. 728 (see special index, III. 777). 

ogy. Ichthyology, XII. 666; I. 275. 

Ichthyosaurus, XII. 695. 

Mammalia, XV. 375 (see special index, XV. 446). 

Mammoth, XV. 447. 

Fossils of America, I. 682. 

Oldest known fossils, IX. 384. 

Stratigraphical geology is treated very fully in volume 
X., pages 325-370. 

Archean rocks, or formation, X. 327. 

Palzozoic, X. 328. 

Secondary, or Mesozoic, X. 352. 

Tertiary, or Cainozoic, X. 360. 

Post-Tertiary, or Quaternary, X. 360. 

A further study of these subjects will involve references 
to the following subjects: 

Coals Niles: 

Coalfields and coal-mines (see Index volume, page 103). 

Coalfields of America, 482 sup. 
Practical Caves, V. 265. 
Geology. Glaciers (see Index volume, page 183). 
Artesian wells, IT. 644. 

Petroleum aval Liga e327, 

Natural gas, XXIII. 813. 

Many other articles which will suggest themselves to the 


ENCYCLOPADIA BRITANNICA. 305 


reader as he pursues this study, may be found by refer- 
ence to the Index volume. 

In studying the history of the science of geology you 
will find the names of a few distinguished men to whose 
labors and investigations we are indebted for the greater 
part of our knowledge concerning this subject. It may 
be of some interest to you to read the story of their lives. 
Among these, the following are especially noteworthy : 

sir ‘Charles Lyell, XV. ror. 

Hugh Miller, XVI. 319. 

William Buckland, IV. 420. 

Sir Roderick Murchison, XVII. 50. 
John Phillips, XVIII. 758. 

William Smith, XXII. 178. 

James D. Dana, 539 sup. 

Alexander Winchell, 1630 sup. 


Geologists. 


20 


300 GUIDE TO THE 


CHA ie Reale tiie 
THE CHEMIST AND APOTHECARY. 


HISTORY OF CHEMISS RY: 


THE history of the science of chemistry is told in the 
fifth volume of the 4rztannica, in the very comprehensive 
article on that subject, beginning on page 459. The first 
mention of chemistry is found in the dictionary of Suidas, 
who flourished in the 11th century (see XXII. 631); he 
defines it as “the preparation of silver and gold,” and all 
the efforts of the early chemists (whom we now call al- 
chemists) seem to have been directed toward the finding 
of some method for making gold and silver. From the 
11th to the 15th century alchemy was diligently studied 
by the philosophers of Europe. This period marks the 
“sickly but imaginative infancy” of modern chemistry 
(see Alchemy. I. 459). It was Paracelsis who declared 
that ‘the true use of chemistry is, not to make gold, but 
to prepare medicines” (see XVIII. 234). Other famous 
men who have contributed to the progress of this science 
are appropriately noticed in the Arztannica. 

Von Helmont (1577-1644), XI. 638. 

Glauber (1604-1668), the discoverer of Glauber’s salt, 
X. 675. 

Robert Boyle (1627-1691), IV. 184. 

F. Hoffmann, XII. 46. 

Sir Isaac Newton, who was the first to indicate the na- 
ture and modes of formation of gases, XVII. 438 (see 
Index). 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 307 


Dr. Stephen Hales (1677-1761), who was the first to 
describe the air as “a fine elastic fluid,” XI. 382. 

Dr. J. Priestley (1733-1804), the discoverer of oxygen 
Peasy OCA, 720. 

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), the inventor of the pneu- 
matic trough, V. 271. 

Lavoisier (1743-1794), XIV. 252. 

Dr. Dalton, originator of the atomic theory, VI. 784. 

Gay-Lussac, discoverer of the laws of the combinations 
of gases by volume, X. 121. 

Alexander Von Humboldt, XII. 343. 

Justus Liebig, XIV. 565 (see Index). 

Michael Faraday, IX. 29. 


CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. 


All of the more important ‘elementary or simple 
bodies’”’ met with in nature are described in special arti- 
cles in the Britannica. Among these are: 

Aluminium, I. 647. 

Antimony, II. 129. 

Arsenic, II. 634. 

Barium, V. 525. 

Bismuth, III. 790. 

Boron, V. 520. 

Bromine, IV. 631. 

Calcium, XIV. 647. 

Garcboneav = oO: 

Chlorine, V. 678. 

Cobaltav l23t- 

Copper (see Index volume, page III). 

Gold (see Index volume, page 184). 

Hydrogen, XII. 433. 

Iodine, XIII. 202. 

Iron (see Index volume, page 226). 


308 GUIDE TO THE 


Léad, XLV 2374: 

Magnesium, XV. 217. 

Mercury, XVI. 31. 

Nickel, XVII. 487. 

Nitrogen, XVII. 515. 

Oxygen, V. 479. 

Phosphorus, XXIII. 815. 

Platinum, XIX. 189. 

Potassium, XIX. 588. 

Silicon say 85 2 ke 

Silver (see Index volume, page 405). 

Sodium, XX. 240. 

Sulphur, XXIT. 634. 

in, shock! lieOo: 

Zinc, XXIV. 784. 

A complete list of the elements, so far as now known, 
is given in V. 647. 

For an account of the most recent discoveries, see the 
American Additions and Revisions, page 437 sup. 

A valuable treatise on ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is contained 
in volume V., beginning on page 544. 


THE APOTHECARY: 


A brief article, beginning on page 198 of the Brztan- 
nica, gives a history of the practice of pharmacy in Eng- 
land, with some notice of the English laws regulating the 
sale of drugs and medicines. Another article, on the art 
of the drug-compounder, may be found under the head of 
Pharmacopeeia, XVIII. 730. For some facts regarding 
the adulteration of drugs, see I. 175. ; 

See also Medicines (consult Index volume, page 285). 
Observe the references given in this volume in the chap- 
ter entitled Zhe Physician. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 309 


Ga EP Rae 


THE HOME MAKER. 


‘‘Our books, gardens, family, scenery, might all bring forth to us 
far greater wealth of enjoyment and improvement if we tried to squeeze 
the very utmost out of them.” —Czarles Buxton. 

‘* A home without books is like a room without windows.’’—Henry 
Ward Beecher. 


THE &ritannica would be lacking in completeness if it 
did not contain a number of practical articles on topics 
of domestic interest and utility. An examination of any 
single volume will show that it is not in the least deficient 
in this respect. To any person having in charge the af- 
fairs of a home or a family, this great work offers a variety 
of useful information that is not to be found in any simi- 
lar publication. 

Do you think of building a house for yourself? See the 

article on Building, IV. 447. Consult, also, the 

House- supplementary article on the History of Amer- 

building. ican Architecture, page 131 sup.; and notice 

the series of plans for dwelling houses, page 135 

sup. Then refer to the following valuable articles, or 
parts of articles: 

Sanitation of the house, XII. 567. 

Progress in American sanitary science, 1379 sup. 

Ventilation of the house, XII. 567; also 1595 sup. 

Sewerage, XXI. 711. 

Plumbing, IV. 502. 

Water closets, XXI. 716, 


310 GUIDE TO THE 


Heating apparatus, XI. 590; XXIV. 161. 

Stoves, XXII. 579. 

After the house has been built, other questions will pre- 
sent themselves, and the following articles in the Brztan- 

nica will be read with interest : 
Benin Furniture, IX. 847. 

Carpets verte a 

Mural Decoration, XVII. 34. 

The busy housewife, upon whose wisdom and discretion 
so much of the family happiness depends, will find a vast 
fund of information, and often some valuable practical 
suggestions in such articles as these: 

Cookery, Vil 3 31. 

Adulteration of foods, I. 169. 

Cookery among the Arabs, II. 251. 

Baking, III. 250-258. 
The Food, 696 sup. 
Kitchen. Dairy foods, VI. 768. 
Milk, XVI. 301. 

Butter, IV. 590. 

Cheese, V. 455. 

Coffee, VI. 110. 

‘Lease Lia 7. 

Chocolate, V. 680. 

Weardje LV ces 2: 

Sugar, “xX LTsG22: 

Sugar and molasses in the United States, 1463 sup. 

Honey, X11 9136: 

Gelatine, X. 130. 

Gluten, X. 695. 

Preserved foods, XIX. 707. 

Jelly, as conserve of fruit, XIII. 564. 
Tinned foods, XIX. 708. 

Arrowroot, ITI. 631. 


Foods. 


ENCYCLOPAIDIA “BRITANNICA, 3I't 


Uses of Indian corn, 9OI sup. 
Maccaroni, XV. 125. 

Flour, IX. 343. 

Nutritive lichens, Iceland moss, etc., XIV. 559. 
Curry, VI. 715. 

Cinnamon, V. 785. 

Nutmeg, XVII. 666 (illustrated). 
PLLISHiCete oN LN. 07. 

Pepper, XVIII. 516; Cayenne, V. 280. 
Confectionery, VI. 256. 

Aerated waters, I. 184. 

Mineral waters, XV. 431. 

TcesX 1. oll. 


Read the valuable article on dietetics, VII. 200. 
Diet in sickness, VII. 205. 
The uses of water in dietetics, XXIV. 399. 
Dietetics. Meals, VII. 200. 
Plutarch on dietetics, VI. 181. 
Lord Combermere’s rules, VI. 181. 
Also the supplementary article on diet, 571 sup. 


Household necessities and utensils : 
Candles, IV. 802. 
Lamps, XIV. 244. 
Necessities. Sewing machines, XXI. 718. 
Needles, XVII. 313. 
Pins Ax 7: 
inreacwavil 502. 


A long list of articles on miscellaneous subjects might 
be given here. The following will be sufficient to indicate 
their number and variety: 

Costume: in volume VI., page 453, there is a complete 
history of dress, with illustrations. 


312 GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPAIDIA BRITANNICA, 


Gloves, X. 692. 
Girdles, X. 622. 
DNOSS eX are 30: 
Dress. Hats, XI. 518. 
Ribbons, XX. 531. 
Laces, XIV. 183. 
Parasols; xX X11) 7722; 
Sachets—perfumes, X VIII. 527. 


Dyestuffs, VII. 574. 
Cochineal, VI. 97. 
Kermess Vero: 
Bbacdyer oly ais2: 
aie Lichens, XIV. 559. 
Aniline dyes. Va577. 
Logwood, XIV. 805. 
Maddern Vo 170. 


What to do in case of asphyxiation, II. 716. 

Some rules for the care ofthe sick, V [lezom 

Other topics will suggest themselves to every intelligent 
housekeeper ; and these may generally be found by refer- 
ring to the Index volume. 

See also the chapters in this volume entitled respec- 
tively, Zhe Farmer, The Gardener, The Physician, and 
The Fruit Grower. 


INDEX. 


Adventurers and discoverers, 25. 

Aesthetics, 122. 

Alchemy, 137. 

Algebra, 108. 

Almanacs, 87. 

American architecture, I61. 

American biography, 30. 

American history, 52. 

American literature, 64. 

Americans, Great, 30. 

Anatomy, 215. 

Ancient history, 54. 

Ancient literature, 70. 

Ancient pastimes, 47. 

Animals, popular readings about, 
91, 94; fabled, 43. 

Anthropology, I12. 

Antiquities, 114. 

Apothecary, The, 308. 

Archeology, I14. 

Archery, 46. 

Architect, The, 161. 

Arithmetic, 107. 

Armies of the world, 281. 

Arms and armor, 282. 

Artist, The, 274. 

Aryan languages, 79. 

Astrology, 138, 84. 

Astronomy, Readings in, 83. 

Athletic sports, 47. 

Banker, The, 158. 

Battles, Fifty famous, 283. 

Beautiful, The science of the, 122. 

Bible—the books of, 123; history 
of, 125; geography of, 127. 

Biographical dictionary, 
densed, 17. 

Biography : American, 30; read- 
ings in, for young people, 36; 
biographies of zodlogists, 90; of 
mathematicians, 107; of philoso- 
phers, 118; of logicians, 121; of 


con- 


botanists, 98; of lawyers, 203; of 
physicians, 213; of theologians, 
225; of patriots and statesmen, 
237; of political economists, 241; 
of great inventors, 243; of fa- 
mous teachers, 250; of psycholo- 
gists, 252; of printers, 265; of 
newspaper men, 269; of great 
soldiers, 285; of geologists, 305. 

Birds, 92, 95. 

Boats, 287. 

Books, Fifty great, 74. 

Books for lawyers, 211; for teach- 
ers, 251. 

Books, Making of, 266. 

Botany, Readings in, 98. 

Boys and girls, To the, 21. 

Brasses and bronzes, 278. 

Bridges, 182. 

Builder, The, 165. 

Buildings, Famous, 164. 

Canals, 156. 

Carpenter’s work, 166. 

Ceremonies, 227. 

Cheerfulness, Men of, 39. 

Chemist, The, 306. 

Chess, 46. 

Christian doctrine, 221. 

Church government, 229. 

Church history, 224. 

Classification of the animal king- 
dom, 94. 

Comets, 86. 

Commerce, I[54. 

Composers, Musical, 272. 

Composition, 256. 

Co-operation, 190, 241. 

Copper and its manufactures, I5I. 

Cotton manufactures, I49. 

Courts of law, 204. 

Crops, 188. 

Curious birds, 42. 


314 


Curious customs, 143. 

Curious inventions, I4I. 

Curious things of interest to 
young people, 23. 

Desultory reading, I4I. 

Determination, Men of, 37. 

Dietetics, 311. 

Diligence, Men of, 36. 

Discoverers and adventurers, 25, 
29. 

Diseases, 217. 

Domestic animals, 43. 

Domestic economy, 310. 

Drama: Greek, 70; general arti- 
cles.on; 77. 

Drawing, 279. 

Dress ast. 

Drugs, 308. 

Dyeing, 312: 

Eclipses, 86. 

Education, 249. 

Egypt—history, 55. 

Electrical phenomena, 171. 

Electrician, The, 169. 

Encyclopedia, what it is, 22. 

Energy, Men of, 38. 

English history, 61. 

English literature, 67. 

Engineer, The, 182. 

Essays, Subjects for, 257, 

Engraving, 279. 

Ethics, 117. 

Ethnology, 113. 

Explanations — references in the 
GUIDE, I4. 

Fabled animals, 43. 

Fables, 136. 

Fairy stories, 136. 

Family reading circle, 13. 

Farmer, The, 185. 

Fertilizers, 188. 

Fiction, 76. 

Finance, National, 160. 

Fine arts, 274. 

Fishes, 42, 92, 95. 

Flax and linen, 148. 

Flower garden, The, 193. 

Food plants, 294. 

Foods, 310. 

Forestry, 292. 

Fortification, 184. 

Free trade, 155. 

Fruit grower, The, 195. 


INDEX. 


Games, sports, and pastimes, 45. 

Gardener, The, 192. 

Geography, Readings in, ror. 

Geologist, The, 303. 

Geometry, 108. 

Glass and glass-ware, 152. 

Gold, 151, 298. 

Government, 234. 

Grammar, 257. 

Greece—history, 56; literature, 70; 
mythology, 130. 

Heat, 246. 

Heroes, 24. 

History — Home readings for 
young people, 28; American, 30; 
naval, 31; romance of, 32; three 
courses of reading in, 51; an- 
cient, 55; modern, 58; English, 
61 ; Scottish, 62; Irish, 62; of 
geography, 101; of mathematics, 
106; of money, 158; of architec- 
ture, 162; of electricity, 169; of 
law, 202; of medicine, 212; of 
the church, 224; of education, 
249; of printing, 265; of music, 
270; of war, 283. 

Holy days, 228. 

Home maker, The, 309. 

Homesteads, 186. 

Horticulture, I92. 5 

Houses, Plans for, 168. 

How to do things, 26. 

How to use an encyclopedia, 22. 

Hydromechanics, 179. 

Hygiene, 215. 

Index volume, How to use, 15. 

Insects, 42; injurious, 18g. 

Inventor, The, 242. 

Iron manufactures, I50. 

Irrigation, 188. 

Israelites —the journey through 
the wilderness, 127. . 

Journalist, The, 268. 

Kitchen, The, 310. 

Labor and wages, 240. 

Landlord and tenant, 187. 

Landscape gardening, 194. 

Language: Readings in the history 
of, 78; origin of, 112; Aryan lan- 
guage, 79; Semitic and Hamitic, 
81. 

Law, Maritime, 287. 

Law terms, 206, 


INDEX. sig 


Lawyer, The, 201. 

Leather and leatherwork, 152, 176. 

Legends — Greek, 132; English, 
135; Christian, 135. 

Leisure reading for merchants, 
157; for everybody, I4I. 

Liquors, 232. 

Literature—Courses of reading in 
the history of, 64; American, 
65; ancient, 70; English, 67; 
Roman, 72; fourteen great lit- 
eratures, 73. 

Logic, 121. 

Lumbering, 293. 

Machinist, The, 178. 

Magic, 138. 

Magnetism, I7I. 

Man, Readings in the study of, rrr. 

Manufacturer, The, 147. 

Mason’s work, 166. 

Materials for building, 166. 

Mathematics, 106. 

Mechanic, The, 172. 

Mechanical laws, 247. 

Medicine, 214, 308; history of, 212. 

Merchant, The, 154. 

Metal work, 175, 278. 

Metaphysic, I19. 

Meteorology, 247. 

Middle ages, The, 33, 59. 

Military affairs, 282. 

Miner, The, 2096. 

Mineralogist, The, 300. 

Mineral products, manufacture of, 
150. 

Mining, 296. 

Mohammedanism, 58. 

Money, 158. 

Motors, electric, 171. 

Musical instruments, 271. 

Musician, The, 270. 

Mysticism, 139. 

Mythology, 33; readings in, 130. 

Natural curiosities, 142. 

Navies, 286. 

Navigation, 288. 

Newspapers, 268. 

Northern mythology, 131. 

Occult sciences, 137. 

Ocean life, 93. 

Oceans, The, 102. 

Oratory, 230. 

Orchards, 195. 


Ornamentation, 280. 

Painting, Schools of, 274. 

Palaeography, 255. 

Paleontology, 304. 

Parks, 295. 

Pasturage, 200. 

Pathology, 215. 

Patience, Men of, 38. 

Paul—the voyage to Rome, 129. 

Pedagogy, 249. 

Persia—history, 55. 

Philology, Readings in, 78. 

Philosophy, Readings in, 117. 

Photography, 279. 

Physician, The, 212. 

Physiology, 215. 

Plans for dwelling houses, 168. 

Pneumatics, 179. 

Poetry. 77: 

Political economist, The, 239. 

Politics, 234. 

Pottery, 151, 277. 

Poultry, 200. 

Precision, Men of, 39. 

Printer, The, 26s. 

Printing, Invention of, 265. 

Psychology, 120, 251. 

Public speaker, The, 230. 

Publisher, The, 265. 

Puzzles, 48. 

Railroad man, The, 290. 

Railways, 290. 

Religions, 220. 

Remedies, 218. 

Reptiles, 42. 

Rhetoric, 256. 

Roadbuilding, 183. 

Roman history, 33, 57; literature, 
72 

Sailors, 286. 

Schools, 253. 

Science, Home readings in, for 
young people, 4I. 

Scientists—astronomers, 84; zoGlo- 
gists, go (see Biography). 

Sculpture, 276. 

Sea animals, 43. 

Seaman, The, 286. 

Semitic languages, 81. 

Shipbuilding, 287. 

Ships and shipping, 156, 287. 

Silk manufactures, 149. 

Silver, 15%: 


316 INDEX. 


Soils, 187. 

Soldier, The, 281. 

Statesman, The, 234. 

Statistics of manufactures, 153; 
of agriculture, 189. 

Steam engine, The, 178. 

Stock raiser, The, 108. 

Sun worship, 85. 

Supernatural, Readings in the 
study of the, 137. 

Superstition, 139. 

Surgery, 215. 

Surveying, 182. 

Tariff, 155. 

Teacher, The, 248. 

Telegraph, The, 170. 

Temperance, 23. 

Textile products, 148. 

Theism, 221. 

Theologian, The, 219. 

Treasury, The national, 160. 

Trees—fruit, 195; timber, 293. 

Trigonometry, 108. 


Typography, 265. 

United States—history, 52; geo- 
graphy, 104. 

Universities, 253. 

Vegetables, 194. 

Violins, 273. 

War, 281. 

Warriors, 25, 285. 

Waterworks, 183. 

Wild flowers, 194. 

Wines, 1096. 

Witchcraft, 138. 

Wood carving, 278. 

Woodworker, The, 174. 

Woodsman, The, 292. 

Wool, 148. 

World, View of the, 103. 

Writer, The, 255. 

Young people’s department, I9. 

Zoblogy — historical course, 89; 
popular course, 91; scientific 
course, 93; young  people’s 
course, 4I, 


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